Northern Trust Q4 2021 Earnings Call Transcript

Participants

Corporate Executives

• Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations
• Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer
• Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer

Analysts

• Glenn Schorr, Evercore ISI
• Steven Chubak, Wolfe Research
• Ken Usdin, Jefferies & Company, Inc.
• Alexander Blostein, Goldman Sachs & Co.
• Brennan Hawken, UBS Securities
• Brian Bedell, Deutsche Bank Securities
• Gerard Cassidy, RBC Capital Markets

Presentation

[Operator]

Good day, and welcome to the Northern Trust's Fourth Quarter 2021 Earnings Conference Call. Today's conference is being recorded.

At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to the Director of Investor Relations, Mark Bette. Please go ahead.

[Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations at Northern Trust]

Thank you, Elle. Hello everyone, and welcome to Northern Trust Corporation's fourth quarter 2021 earnings conference call.

Joining me on our call this morning are Mike O'Grady, our Chairman and CEO; Jason Tyler, our Chief Financial Officer; and Lauren Allnutt, our Controller. Our fourth quarter earnings press release and Financial Trends Report are both available on our website at northerntrust.com. Also, on our website, you will find our quarterly earnings review presentation, which we will use to guide today's conference call. This January 20th call is being webcast live on northerntrust.com. The only authorized rebroadcast of this call is a replay that will be available on our website through February 17th. Northern Trust disclaims any continuing accuracy of the information provided in this call after today.

Please refer to our Safe Harbor statement regarding forward-looking statements on page 13 of the accompanying presentation, which will apply to our commentary on this call. During today's question-and-answer session, please limit your initial query to one question and one related follow up. This will allow us to move through the queue and enable as many people as possible the opportunity to ask questions as time permits.

Thank you again for joining us today. Let me turn the call over to Mike O'Grady.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Thank you, Mark.

Let me join in welcoming you to our fourth quarter 2021 earnings call. I hope you and your families are healthy and well. Our performance in the fourth quarter generated a 9% increase in revenue compared to the prior year and a return on average common equity of 14.5%. Revenue growth reflected strong organic growth across each of our businesses, which also contributed to full year earnings growth and a return on average common equity of 13.9%.

Throughout 2021, we continued to have success, executing on our growth strategies across each of our businesses, while enhancing our foundational strength through advancements in our data and digital efforts. In our wealth management business, we've driven growth across each of our regions and our global family office business. We continue to see improved levels of engagement and new business activities with both existing and new clients. And we ended the year with a continuation of the strong growth in loans and deposits that we've seen throughout 2021.

During the quarter, we began executing on our plans to expand our Florida footprint into Jacksonville, one of the fastest growing northeast regions within Florida. We were honored to be recognized by the Financial Times Group as the best private bank in the US for the 11th time in the past 13 years. We were also named the best private bank in the US for family offices, recognizing our global family office group for its commitment to families of significant wealth, their private foundations and the family offices that serve them.

Within asset management, we continue to see strong organic growth across key strategic areas of focus, highlighted by our Money Funds surpassing $330 billion in AUM during the quarter, our FlexShares ETFs reaching $20 billion in assets and ESG strategies growing to more than $165 billion in assets. During the year, we also benefited from growth in our multi-manager strategies in our outsourced chief investment officer services.

Our asset servicing business continues to experience growth that is well diversified across regions, products, and client segments. A highlight of our new business success is the recent announcement of the expansion of our relationship with Pendal Group across Australia, the UK, Ireland and the US. Northern Trust has provided fund administration, global custody and transfer agency services to Pendal since establishing its first mutual fund offering in the US in 2009.

This mandate will now be extended to include fund accounting, regulatory reporting, collateral management, foreign exchange and middle office services across all of Pendal's businesses. This is an excellent example of how we grow our asset servicing business by targeting a premier asset management firm, developing a relationship, providing exceptional service, growing along with their success in increasing their assets under management and then expanding the relationship by consolidating their activities and providing a broader set of capabilities.

I want to commend the efforts of our employees around the world whose commitment, expertise and professionalism is serving our clients and communities and continues to be extraordinary. As we enter 2022, we remain focused on our long-term priorities and investing wisely for future profitable growth to deliver long-term value to our various stakeholders.

Now, let me turn the call to Jason to review our financial results in greater detail.

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Thank you, Mike. Let me join Mark and Mike in welcoming you to our fourth quarter 2021 earnings call.

Let's dive into the financial results of the quarter starting on page 2. This morning, we reported fourth quarter net income of $406.4 million. Earnings per share were $1.91 and our return on average common equity was 14.5%. Results for the quarter included a severance charge of $6.1 million, a pension settlement charge of $3.4 million, a $13 million gain within other operating income relating to property sales and net one-time tax benefits of $13.9 million, primarily relating to a lower net tax impact from international operations.

Let's move to page 3 and review the financial highlights of the quarter. Year-over-year, revenue was up 9% and expenses increased 2%. Net income was up 69%. In a sequential comparison, revenue was up 2% and expenses were up 4%, while net income was up 3%. The provision for credit losses reflected a release of $11.5 million in reserves in the current quarter compared to a release of $13 million in the prior quarter and $2.5 million in the prior year. Return on average common equity was 14.5% for the quarter, up from 8.8% a year ago and up from 13.7% in the prior quarter.

Let's look at the results in greater detail, starting with revenue on page 4. Trust, investment and other servicing fees, representing the largest component of our revenue, totaled $1.1 billion and were up 8% from last year and flat sequentially. Foreign exchange trading income was $77 million in the quarter, up 12% year-over-year and up 16% sequentially. The year-over-year growth was driven by higher volumes, partially offset by lower volatility, while the sequential increase was due to higher volumes as well as higher volatility. The remaining components of noninterest income totaled $119 million in the quarter, up 28% from one year ago and up 8% sequentially. Within this, security, commissions and trading income was up 11% from the prior year and down 1% sequentially. The year-over-year growth was driven by higher core brokerage revenue.

Other operating income totaled $72 million and was up 46% from one year ago and up 16% sequentially. The increase compared to the prior year was primarily driven by the previously referenced $13 million in gains from property sales, distributions from investments in community development projects and higher banking and credit-related service charges, partially offset by lower miscellaneous income. The sequential increase was primarily due to the gains on property sales, also partially offset by lower miscellaneous income. Net interest income, which I'll discuss in more detail later, was $371 million and was up 7% from one year ago and up 4% sequentially.

Let's look at the components of our trust and investment fees on page 5. For our Corporate & Institutional Services business, fees totaled $625 million and were up 5% year-over-year and down 1% sequentially. Custody and fund administration fees were $458 million and up 9% year-over-year and down 1% sequentially. The year-over-year growth was primarily driven by favorable markets and new business, partially offset by lower transaction-based fees. The sequential decline was driven by lower transaction-based fees and unfavorable currency translation, partially offset by favorable markets and new business.

Assets under custody and administration for C&IS clients were $15.2 trillion at quarter end, up 11% year-over-year and up 3% sequentially. The year-over-year growth was primarily driven by favorable markets and new business. The sequential performance was primarily attributable to favorable markets. Investment management fees in C&IS of $113 million were down 9% year-over-year and were flat sequentially. The year-over-year performance was driven by higher Money Market Fund fee waivers, partially offset by new business and favorable markets. Fee waivers in C&IS totaled $50.9 million in the fourth quarter compared to $49.9 million in the prior quarter and $11.4 million in the prior-year quarter.

Assets under management for C&IS clients were $1.2 trillion, up 13% year-over-year and up 3% sequentially. The growth from the prior year was driven by favorable markets and client flows. The sequential increase was primarily driven by favorable markets. Securities lending fees were $19 million, up 8% year-over-year and down 6% sequentially. Average collateral levels were up 16% year-over-year and down 1% sequentially.

Moving to our wealth management business, trust, investment and other servicing fees were $486 million and were up 13% compared to the prior year and up 1% from the prior quarter. Fee waivers in wealth management totaled $30.2 million in the current quarter compared to $26.7 million in the prior quarter and $12.2 million in the prior-year quarter. Within the regions, the year-over-year growth was driven by favorable markets and new business, partially offset by higher fee waivers.

For the sequential performance, the growth within the regions was primarily driven by new business. Within global family office, the year-over-year performance was driven by favorable markets and new business being more than offset by higher fee waivers. The sequential decline was mainly related to higher fee waivers. Assets under management for our wealth management clients were $416 billion at quarter end, up 20% year-over-year and up 12% on a sequential basis. Both the year-over-year and sequential increases were driven by client flows and favorable markets.

Moving to page 6, net interest income was $371 million in the quarter and was up 7% from the prior year. Earning assets averaged $149 billion in the quarter, up 13% versus the prior year. Average deposits were $136 billion and were up 18% versus the prior year, while loan balances averaged $40 billion and were up 20% compared to the prior year. On a sequential quarter basis, net interest income grew 4%. Average earning assets grew 3% and average deposits grew 5%, while average loan balances were up 4%. The net interest margin increased 1 basis point sequentially.

Turning to page 7, expenses were $1.2 billion in the fourth quarter and were 2% higher than the prior year and up 4% from the prior quarter. As mentioned earlier, the current quarter included $9.5 million in charges related to severance and a pension settlement, while the prior quarter included a $6.9 million pension settlement charge. Also, recall that last year's results included a severance charge of $55 million and an occupancy charge of $11.9 million.

Excluding these items, expenses were up 7% versus the prior year and up 3% sequentially. Excluding severance charges, compensation expense was up 7% compared to the prior quarter and was up 2% sequentially. The year-over-year growth was primarily driven by higher cash-based incentive accruals, as well as higher salaries. The sequential increase was primarily due to higher salaries, partially offset by lower equity-based incentives. Excluding the previously mentioned pension settlement charges, employee benefits expense was up 3% from one year ago and up 10% sequentially. Both increases were impacted by higher medical cost and lower payroll withholding.

Outside services expense was $224 million and it was up 8% from a year ago and up 6% from the prior quarter. Revenue and business volume expenses accounted for just over a third of the year-over-year growth. The remaining year-over-year growth, as well as the sequential growth within the category, included higher technical services, consulting and data processing-related cost, reflecting investment in the business, as well as the timing of engagements. Higher legal services cost also contributed to the sequential increase, but were down compared to the prior year.

Equipment and software expense of $196 million was up 11% from one year ago and up 6% sequentially. Both the year-over-year and sequential increases reflected higher software support and amortization costs. Excluding the prior year charge, occupancy expense of $52 million was down 6% from a year ago and down 4% sequentially.

Other operating expense of $79 million was up 9% from one year ago and down 3% sequentially. The year-over-year increase was driven by higher business promotion expense, partially offset by lower miscellaneous expenses. The sequential decline was impacted by higher costs associated with the Northern Trust sponsored PGA Golf Tournament in the prior quarter, partially offset by increases within other business promotion spend and miscellaneous expenses within the category.

Turning to the full year, our results in 2021 are summarized on page 8. Net income was $1.5 billion, up 28% compared to 2020 and earnings per share were $7.14, up 31% from the prior year. On the right margin of this page, we outlined the non-recurring impacts that we called out for both years. We achieved a return on equity for the year of 13.9% compared to 11.2% in 2020.

The full year revenue and expense trends are outlined on page 9. Trust, investment and other servicing fees grew 9% in 2021. The growth during the year was primarily driven by new business and favorable markets, partially offset by the impact of money market fee waivers. Net interest income declined 4%. Average earning assets during the year increased by 16%, while the net interest margin declined 20 basis points, driven by lower average interest rates. The net result was revenue growth of 6% in 2021 compared to 2020. On a reported basis, expenses were up 4% from the prior year. Adjusting for the expense items noted in both years, expenses were up 6% from 2020.

Turning to page 10, our capital ratios remain strong with our common equity tier 1 ratio of 12.1% under the standardized approach, up slightly from the prior quarter. Our tier 1 leverage ratio was 6.9%, down slightly from the prior quarter. We declared cash dividends of $0.70 per share, totaling $146.8 million to common stockholders. The current environment continues to demonstrate the importance of a strong capital base and liquid balance sheet profile to support our clients' needs, and we continue to provide our clients with the exceptional service and solution expertise they come to expect.

As we began 2022, our focus is on balancing a variety of factor in the months ahead, with the prospect of higher interest rates benefiting our revenue, but conversely, the higher levels of inflation and the competitive labor market impacting expenses. We are relentlessly focused on strengthening our competitive position within each of our businesses, investing in our workforce and technology, all while delivering attractive returns.

Thank you again for participating in Northern Trust fourth quarter earnings conference call today. Mike, Mark, Lauren, and I'd be happy to answer your questions.

Elle, will you please open the line?

Questions and Answers

[Operator]

Of course. Thank you. [Operator Instructions] And we'll go ahead and take our first question from Glenn Schorr with Evercore. Please go ahead.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Good morning, Glenn.

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Hi Glenn.

[Glenn Schorr, Analyst at Evercore ISI]

Good morning. How are you? So a quick question for you, on that last comment you made about focusing all those things, you are not alone there. And so you had nice fee operating leverage for the year. The fee to the expense ratio came up a little bit, obviously, because it was a super low number in the third quarter. So as you balance all those things as we look out into 2022, is that -- can that be the same key focus that it's been in the past as you balance all those things, meaning you'll get the benefit of rates over time, but the cost inflation is here now? So should we be prepared for 2022 being a tougher year for that metric?

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah. We should, Glenn. I mean -- and you're hitting on an important point which is that we all are seeing the prospective rates, and we are extremely leveraged to the front end of the rate curve both in NII and also in waivers, obviously. But the inflation is -- that's hitting faster. And we saw it in third quarter as we were looking at incentive comp accruals. We saw it in fourth quarter as we made some off-cycle adjustments, which we can talk about in salaries. But that inflationary component -- and by the way, it's not just in compensation. It shows up in other areas of the income statement. It's going to hit first. And the -- but at the same time, the leverage we have to the front end of the yield curve means that when rates do go up, it's extremely beneficial to us. And we've been talking about that for two years, obviously, how much net interest margin and also waivers in the money market products have been impacted.

[Glenn Schorr, Analyst at Evercore ISI]

I appreciate all that. I'll let one of my peers ask on the NII stuff. I did want to ask a quick question on organic growth as a follow-up. You mentioned that you spoke to it. It's clearly there because you can see it in your asset growth. But can you talk about whether it be new business wins in asset servicing and asset management or a one but not yet funded pipeline? Thank you.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Sure. Thanks, Glenn. Both of the businesses, as you know, when we talk about the organic growth, we tend to talk about year-over-year, not on a linked quarter basis. And that's a really important distinction. That said -- and you touched on it, both asset servicing and wealth management had good lift from an organic perspective year-over-year and, frankly, in the quarter as well. And so you saw we've been talking about increased momentum in the wealth management business. You're starting to see that come through with higher fees on a quarter-over-quarter basis that's driven by new business, and we get the same effect coming in asset servicing. The pipeline in both of the businesses, in the short run, it looks strong. The pipeline for the businesses has different timing. But in both instances, they're reflecting good activity in new business. And I think in the C&IS, in particular, they see good activity overall. In the front-end, it might be a little bit different. The back-end is a little bit harder to tell.

[Glenn Schorr, Analyst at Evercore ISI]

Okay, thanks.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Sure. Thanks, Glenn.

[Operator]

And we'll move on to our next question from Steven Chubak with Wolfe Research. Please go ahead.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Steve?

[Steven Chubak, Analyst at Wolfe Research]

Thanks. Good morning, everyone. So wanted to start with just a question on capital management. As you noted, capital ratios continue to be quite strong. I believe, Jason, on the last call, you had talked to or spoken to the fact that the RWA inflation, the loan growth was consuming a lot of the capital bill that you guys were generating. This quarter, that wasn't the case. We didn't really see any RWA growth, and yet you temper the buyback. I was hoping you can give some perspective as to what informed that decision? And how should we be thinking about the pace of buyback from here, especially if the pace of RWA growth does begin to moderate?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Sure. Well, a couple thoughts there. One, just for the quarter, what -- the RWA growth is one dynamic, but of course, AOCI hits capital, and that's another dynamic we have to manage as well, which is why we were flattish quarter-over-quarter. That said, as we think about the overall -- I know a lot of people are wondering what our game plan is from a buyback perspective. And if you just take -- it's a good time to just take a look back at the year, and we generated $1.5 billion in capital last year from earnings.

And so, you take a step back and just say, where did -- just the math you're doing, where did the $1.5 billion go? Well, we did return $600 million to shareholders in the form of dividends over the course of the year. But we very intentionally grew the loan book. We saw high quality opportunities on the horizon, and we wanted to be there for clients. And so you look year-over-year and loans are up $7 billion, and even within this quarter, they are up $1 billion or $2 billion. And so -- and if you think about what our capital ratios are, that's $7 billion increase in loans that drives enough of that -- that takes another $900 million in the capital that we generated. And so you look at dividends and what happened with loans that's right there. That's 100% of the capital we generated. Now even so, we did buybacks in the year about $250 million. And so that's why you saw CET1 drift down a little bit.

But the next important question is, is the loan growth good? And it was very good. It's good strategically for us because we supported clients, but it's also good economically if you think about the ROE of loans. It's very attractive particularly in a low-interest-rate environment. And so we feel really good with what we did in 2021. In 2020, the door was closed. Last year, we think we did the right thing for clients and shareholders by growing relationships and earnings. But as you're trying to predict what we're going to do in 2022, it's very different. We don't see the same loan growth on the horizon. And we even talked about the fact that some of the loan growth we've had is in some of the areas of our business where it can be very spiky. And just as our clients put on, they can put on $1 billion or $2 billion or $3 billion in a deposit. They can do the same thing in lending. And so we could see lending be spiky both up and down, but don't see that same type of $7 billion growth year-over-year.

[Steven Chubak, Analyst at Wolfe Research]

Thanks for that color, Jason. And just for my follow-up, on one attack -- sorry about that, on the expense side, you did give that perspective noting that the -- on an adjusted basis, the expenses grew 6% to 7% this past year. Obviously, we had some nice market tailwinds, which will drive some impact on the variable expense lines. But as we think about some of the inflationary pressures that started to manifest late last year and are going to continue into this year versus that up 6% to 7% that you had talked about in 2021, should we expect the expense growth to be similar or even above that given the inflationary pressures that you spoke to?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Let me hit the big three. Maybe I'll hit comp and then I'll hit technology, which gets it, outside services and equipment and software expense. If you look at the comp line, given we've already seen some inflation hit that line this year, and you see it was -- just the increase in comp this quarter, linked quarter, $13 million of that alone came from salaries. And the impact of what we've done in these off-cycle adjustments not done yet. And so, we're -- just from the actions we've already taken, we're going to see another $3 million lift in the comp line just from those salary adjustments.

But secondly, there's what are we going to do with our normal base pay adjustments, which is that starts in second quarter, but that's going to be higher and it's reflective of inflation. It's usually we see that be an $8 million to $10 million a quarter impact. This year, it's going to be more like $20 million a quarter. And so those salary actions combined are going to give, just in of itself, that'll lift the total comp line 5% year-over-year for the year. And on top of it, we then have to think about what hiring are we going to do and what other adjustments might we have to take. But that at least gives you a lens of what we can see at this point.

Now let me switch to tech and that's the other area where like all financial services companies are spending a lot of time and a lot of investment. That hits us all across the P&L, but mostly in outside services, in equipment and software. And you saw a big sequential increases of about 6% in both of those categories this quarter. But as we look forward, very different impacts of what we think is going to be existing in 2022. In outside services, there's tech services within that category, a lot of project work that we're doing. We got a lot of that done in fourth quarter. Don't see -- we do not see a significant impact and significant lift in 2022 in outside services.

In fact, the number you see now for fourth quarter, that's a good starting point for -- all for 2022. And any motion from there is going to be driven more by business activity. And obviously, there's a lot of business-related activity in that line item that could drive it. But the tech component, largely done it from an increase perspective. Equipment and software, very different. We are on a ramp there. Again, 6% increase there, we ended that year, well with the category was up 9% year-over-year over 2020. We're going to see that same type of lift in that category in 2022, maybe slightly higher.

So what are we doing there? It's really four factors. One, depreciation and that alone is we know, we can see as we sit today, that's going to be up $45 million or $50 million. So just depreciation, which is kind of in the bank at this point. We know it's going to grow equipment and software by side -- by about 7% alone. And we know that there are some other increases coming. Two, inflation of the underlying costs and that hits in different ways. Three, we're continuing to invest in technology to get stronger and maintain a very strong foundation. And then lastly, business growth, including digital. So a lot of investment going on there in a handful of different categories, but those are the three big categories of expenses to give you a sense of what we know at this point.

[Steven Chubak, Analyst at Wolfe Research]

No. Very helpful breakdown. Thanks so much for taking my questions.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Thanks.

[Operator]

We'll take our next question from Ken Usdin from Jefferies. Please go ahead.

[Ken Usdin, Analyst at Jefferies & Company, Inc.]

Hey, thanks, and good morning. Jason, you mentioned earlier that the company is meaningfully asset sensitive, and I wanted to ask you, your disclosures in the 10-Q and K give you an expected change over base forecasts. But I wonder if you could give us a more simple way of thinking about this cycle, what each 25 basis points of rates would give you in terms of NII dollars?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Sure. Well, first of all, and you know this really well, it's not linear. And so let me give me you the first one. I wish that the fourth and fifth were the same, but the first alone is at a high level if you think about -- we've got about $70 billion in floating rate earning assets, and we think we'll get about a $40 million lift on a quarterly basis alone on the asset side. We'll give up maybe $5 million of that in higher borrowing cost, so that's net $35 million, before we really talk about significant data. But we think that first lift is probably in that $35 million a quarter range.

Now that -- the first lift, it also gets two waivers, Ken. And so -- and we've talked about the fact that our money market mutual fund family is -- it's priced much more institutionally. And so it only takes one lift to work fully through the duration of the portfolio to get the vast, if not all, of the waivers off the table as well. And as you know, this past quarter, we waived $80 million in run rate, and that's lower now. But -- so I think it's important to think about both of those. Go back to NII, as we get those second, third, fourth rate hikes then that's when we start to give up some of the gain coming from deposit cost.

[Ken Usdin, Analyst at Jefferies & Company, Inc.]

Yeah. Perfect. And then just second one quickly on C&IS. You mentioned lower transaction activity. That line was flattish. Can you just kind of give us a help on -- magnitude on what type of hold back that might have been and maybe just talk through FX translation headwinds as well?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Sure. And it's interesting. As we talk about transaction costs and transaction volume, I think people look to FX, and they look at securities and submissions trading even within the custody and fund administration fees, there are transaction related fees that feed into that line. And so that's what we're referencing when we're saying that some of those -- that those costs were lower in the quarter. And you'll note in FX, for example, good quarter. And so this transaction volumes in FX and other areas were high. But within -- as we really dug into why, what happened within the custody and fund admin lines within C&IS, it was more the transaction component, the non-asset, the AUC, non-AUM-based fees that were light in the quarter.

[Ken Usdin, Analyst at Jefferies & Company, Inc.]

Okay. And was -- I guess, was that meaningful and was FX translation a meaningful headwind this quarter too, sequentially?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah.

[Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations at Northern Trust]

Yeah. Let me --

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah, Mark. Go ahead, Mark.

[Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations at Northern Trust]

Yeah. And Ken, it's Mark. Combined, you're looking at about 2% there with the transaction-based fees being more than half of that. So the two were a -- I'd say, a fairly significant drag when you look at custody and fund administration on a sequential basis.

[Ken Usdin, Analyst at Jefferies & Company, Inc.]

Okay. Got it. Thank you.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Thanks, Ken.

[Operator]

We'll take our next question from Alex Blostein from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.

[Alexander Blostein, Analyst at Goldman Sachs & Co.]

Great.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Hi Alex.

[Alexander Blostein, Analyst at Goldman Sachs & Co.]

Thanks. Good -- hey, guys. Good morning, everybody. So a couple of questions around the rate dynamics. I guess as we think about your deposit betas, and I appreciate nobody has a crystal ball. But as you think about the current cycle versus the prior cycle, has the nature of the deposit base change much for us to sort of contemplate as we think about deposit betas over the next several quarters, right, so -- or do you think the experience you guys saw in the last cycle is a pretty good one as a sort of benchmark for where deposit betas this time around?

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

It's -- we talk about it a lot. And I've thrown out to our team, is it similar to last time? And it's just it's hard to tell. What I can give you some facts that -- and it's less to the deposit beta, but more to this, the overall asset sensitivity of the securities portfolio on the balance sheet, the duration in -- the duration has come down from last quarter was 2.7 and now it's at 2.6. And ironically, though, if you look at the duration of the overall asset side of the balance sheet cumulatively, it's much higher than what it was in the prior cycle. And so I can actually tell you this. As it sits right now, it's about 1.16. And if you go back to the last tightening cycle, 2015, it was 0.7. And so that's meaningfully different. Now, we have to see how the deposits specifically react, but that at least gives you a sense of what the exposure of the overall balance sheet is like.

But Mark, I don't know if you have anything to add.

[Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations at Northern Trust]

The other thing that we've heard as well from our team to keep in mind, Alex, is the trajectory of the rates. I think, last time, the rate hike started much slower than what it appears that might happen this time. So you might go through those rising betas in a quicker way because of that. So we'll have to see how that plays out as well.

[Alexander Blostein, Analyst at Goldman Sachs & Co.]

Got it. Thanks for that. And then, my follow-up is around, I guess, expenses again. And, Jason, I appreciate you guys giving different pieces, and that's helpful. And I obviously acknowledge that you guys don't give flat-out guidance in terms of expense growth. I do like the way you talk about expenses to fees as a ratio, and that got to some of the Glenn's points as well. But if you guys are at around 104 by our math in terms of expense to fees in 2021, you talked about inflationary pressures, but also you're getting money market fees back likely in 2022, which I would have thought would come in at a really high, kind of, incremental margin. So when you blend it all together, net-net, we're staying kind of in this 103, 104, 105 range for 2022 and beyond as we kind of think about that ratio as a guidepost sort of thing between the revenues and expenses?

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Alex, it's Mike. I think your framework is correct or at least I would say, aligned with the way that we're looking at it as well. Of course, we don't know what the market levels are going to be and how quickly the fee waivers come back. And obviously, we're managing through the expense side of that. But to your point of kind of being in a range of, I'll call it, efficiency there, we're in that range. And particularly in a inflationary environment, that can be challenging to try to get that ratio to go down. And as Jason alluded to earlier, where you really see the other side of the coin, if you will, is on interest rates and therefore, NII. That then drops down to operating leverage. And so in the same way, we're saying, okay, stay in that expensive trust fee ratio as far as efficiency, but then look to pick up through NII so that you have positive operating leverage and that your pretax margin is in that range that you want to get the right returns.

[Alexander Blostein, Analyst at Goldman Sachs & Co.]

Yeah. That makes sense. That's consistent with kind of how we're thinking. Okay. Awesome. Thank you.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah. Thanks, Alex.

[Operator]

We'll go ahead and take our next question from Brennan Hawken from UBS. Please go ahead.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Hi Brennan.

[Brennan Hawken, Analyst at UBS Securities]

Hey. Thanks for taking my questions. I just wanted to follow up, circle back a little bit on capital and pull together a couple of the comments that you made on that, Jason. It seemed like what you said was that in the current quarter, there were some AOCI consumption of capital. And while you had $1.5 billion some odd base loan growth, the outlook for the loan growth is swelling and not really there. So number one, does that mean that your further consumption of capital on the loan growth side may swell? Of course, that could be a hand off to AOCI. And then number two, when you talked about the $7 billion versus the $900 million, it seemed like that suggested a pretty high risk-weight density in the loan book. Can you talk about the risk-weight that you have in that loan book and what kind of loans you're driving that growth? Thanks.

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Sure. Well, let me start with the end, but don't let me forget the first part of it. The loans that we have are -- and you can see it in our reporting, it's -- the first cut is it's weighted more heavily toward wealth management, obviously. And within that, it's a blend of personal, commercial real estate, corporate commercial and the risk rates on those don't vary dramatically from a risk weight allocation perspective. And so at a really high level, you can just -- you look at what our outstandings are. And it's not going to vary within those categories significantly.

Now then there's also some off-balance sheet commitments that aren't reflected there, but that gives you a general sense. And we've talked about -- and I could now, if you'd like, if it's helpful to give you more of a breakdown of the loans and what they look like by category. But -- and the growth has actually been relatively consistent. If you think about the increase, just, for example, if you're trying to do the math there. If I look at increase in loans from third quarter to fourth quarter, commercial has been about -- it is up about $1.5 billion, commercial, about $650 million; and personal loans about $350 million, commercial real estate $250 million and then some other stuff with the remainder. And so you can tell it's relatively consistent to our overall volumes in the $40 billion portfolio.

And if I come back to your first --

[Brennan Hawken, Analyst at UBS Securities]

Yeah. Go ahead. I was going to just to remind you about the first part. That's all. You're on. Thanks, Jason.

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

I'm notoriously bad at multiple car park questions. You got to remind me. We just don't -- we don't see the same outlook on loan growth. And I think you couple that with -- again, we generated $1.5 billion in capital. And we're starting -- and if we do get what we walked through earlier, if we get multiple rate hikes and we start to have improvement from a net interest margin perspective, we start -- waivers start to go away. Then the NAV becomes different. And we can think about different ways to return that capital generated to shareholders. And we obviously -- we go through the same framework that we always have. We think about the dividend first to make sure that it's something we're comfortable with and it's within the range we've talked about. And then we start to look at the outlook for the size of the balance sheet to stay where within a range that we feel is appropriate given all the dynamics we've talked about historically.

[Brennan Hawken, Analyst at UBS Securities]

Excellent. That was very thorough and helpful. And you touched on the size of the balance sheet there. So maybe I'd like to ask for the follow-up. When you think about deposit runoff because you typically -- with the business model, you tend to see deposit growth when the fed is expanding its balance sheet and runoff when it's shrinking. But last cycle, the runoff for Northern, for you guys, was less than it was for some of the other custody bank peers. So when you think about what's driven the deposit growth at different types of businesses that have driven the deposit growth for the past two years, is it largely -- does it look similar to how it looked last cycle? Or has the composition of deposit growth shifted, which might suggest we should think about deposit runoff in a different way?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

I look at it a little bit differently. One is I think we have to look at just what's happened with the asset values. And if you go back to the end of the 2019 pre-health crisis, and you look at what's happened with the S&P 500 from then to the end -- to now, the S&P is up something like -- it's something like 48%. And if you look at our deposits on average, we went from averaging $85 billion to $90 billion, up to $135 billion to $150 billion. It's a very similar increase.

And then, the second thing to look at is, what's operational versus nonoperational, and did we have similar growth -- did all of the growth come in nonoperational deposits. And the answer is absolutely not. A lot of -- more of our growth has come in operational deposits. And then the third dynamic which you got at is, there is just this overwhelming dynamic of the fed having put trillions of dollars of liquidity into the market. And whatever our little tiny $150 billion balance sheet looks like, there's -- it's still going to be impacted by what the fed does. And so you put all those things together and you just -- I don't think there is reason to believe at this point from what we see just from that data, that there's some massive unwinding coming out. It could come. But those data points tell you that not necessarily.

[Brennan Hawken, Analyst at UBS Securities]

Got it. That's helpful. Thanks, Jason.

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Sure.

[Operator]

We'll go ahead and take the next question from Brian Bedell from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.

[Brian Bedell, Analyst at Deutsche Bank Securities]

Great. Thanks. Good morning to everyone.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Hey Brian.

[Brian Bedell, Analyst at Deutsche Bank Securities]

Good morning. Jason, thanks for all that color on the expense areas and great granularity you guys mentioned. I wanted to ask on just a couple more areas and that's just the Northern Trust open, I think, obviously you're not doing that this year. But I think you alluded to in the past of potentially doing a marketing campaign in its place and then maybe just any commentary around the travel, potentially higher travel expenses, if we're all back to office and COVID hopefully recedes?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah. So maybe I'll touch on travel and business promo and maybe Mike can talk about golf tournament. So we're seeing business promo pick up again. It was up in fourth quarter. And no one's cringing at that. I mean, it means that we're in front of clients more. And so is it going to get back to the levels we saw before? Boy, that's highly, highly unlikely, but already partially in the run rate in fourth quarter and in other expenses. And we do expect that to continue to come. Now it's not -- that's not adding $10 million a quarter in expenses, but it is adding to the expense run rate.

Mike, you want to touch on golf?

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Sure. And the golf tournament has been a very successful marketing effort and client entertainment effort for us particularly around branding. And as much as we've ended that relationship at this point, we still need to continue to invest in the brand. And so some of the proceeds that are -- or the funds that are deployed for that brand building through the golf tournament are being redeployed in other areas at this point. Brian, it's not going to be at the same levels as what we are spending on the golf tournament.

[Brian Bedell, Analyst at Deutsche Bank Securities]

Okay. That's helpful. And then maybe just on expenses overall. I mean, it's actually a pretty good playbook over the last 10 years in terms of your expenses tree with a pretty reliable, middle, single-digit type of expense growth in each year, which kind of I think [Technical Issues]

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

I think we lost you Brian. Maybe Brian, maybe you could re-queue and we could take that.

[Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations at Northern Trust]

Otherwise, we've got, I think one more. Elle, do you want to -- Alex, can you hear us? You're next in queue.

[Alexander Blostein, Analyst at Goldman Sachs & Co.]

I can hear you, guys, I don't know if I'm speaking live.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

We can hear you. So go for it.

[Alexander Blostein, Analyst at Goldman Sachs & Co.]

Oh. Great. Sorry. So thanks for taking the follow up here. So loud and clear on the deposit trajectory in terms of the sizing on the balance sheet. I'm curious how that could play out with money market funds because that industry has obviously seen tremendous amount of inflows as well. If you go to the last cycle, it's really not that clear. There was a huge amount of decline in money market fund balances as the fed started to unwind their policies and QE. How are you guys thinking about the sustainability of all the market share gains you've seen in the money market fund space? Because that'll obviously inform the amount of money market fee waivers that's going to come back. So $80-ish million is kind of what you're waiting today per quarter. All of it is presumably going to come back with the first hike. But that obviously seems the balances stay in the same place.

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah. So I think the similar math that we went through earlier on the deposits, I mean, we were at something like $215 billion in AUM pre-crisis and then we ended 2020 at $272 billion. We ended 2021 at $333 billion. And as we said a day before yesterday we were at $324 billion. So it came down a little. But we have gained market share by any measure that we look at. And that's not -- we don't think it's accidental. We did a lot of things related to cutoff times and the investment performance has been exceptional in those funds. And so we think we've earned higher market share there. And I think it's tough to tell. There's not just what happens as clients unwind, but there's also the prospect of regulation in the 2a-7 fund industry.

And as you know, in Europe, there's much more of a demand for large institutional clients to use balance sheets as opposed to funds. And we'll see what happens here if there's a shift. And it's one of the reasons why we've done other things to try to launch new products, to help our clients on liquidity, to be able to provide other services and to be a third-party repo provider and to launch new funds that are more appealing with better cutoff times. And so we'll see what comes there. But the best defense we can have in the short run is having a good liquid balance sheet and have availability to bring on deposits if our clients want to, which is one of the reasons we always leave room to try and to bring more onto the balance sheet. That's why our leverage ratios have tended to be strong.

[Alexander Blostein, Analyst at Goldman Sachs & Co.]

Got it. All right. Awesome. Thanks for the follow-up.

[Operator]

And we'll go ahead and move back to Brian Bedell. Please go ahead.

[Brian Bedell, Analyst at Deutsche Bank Securities]

Oh, great. Thanks. Sorry about that back in there. Can you hear me now?

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah. You're good. You're good, Brian.

[Brian Bedell, Analyst at Deutsche Bank Securities]

Oh, okay, great. Thank you. Sorry about that. Yeah. The follow-up was also in expenses and I don't know if you heard me start the question. It was really about your expense growth on an annual basis. It's been pretty reliable over the last decade annually in that mid-single digit area, almost exactly 5% over -- on an annualized basis, which I know you tried to target some natural organic revenue growth. However, in the last tightening cycle in 2017, 2018, it was more elevated naturally in that 8% to 9% area given, obviously, the leverage from rates. And I just wanted to get a sense of -- is that -- and as we think about sort of the trajectory, is that a reliable type of indicator versus sort of the average over the last 10 years?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

A couple of thoughts and then Mike may jump in as well. One, I don't -- in this cycle, things are driven less by what is the fed doing to control growth. It's what is the fed doing to control inflation. And inflation is correlated to our cost base. And so we're going to feel that, and that's going to be different. And walking through the expenses earlier, just in the comp line having a 5% growth there and then equipment and software having a growth at or above the 9% we had year-over-year, you can tell we're in a mode where we're feeling expense growth over time that's just got upward pressure on it.

Now the good thing is that the growth in the business is good, and the benefit coming from rates which is it's not distinct, it's correlated to the inflation. When inflation exists, we are getting a benefit partially coming from the fact that the fed is fighting that inflation with higher rates. And luckily, we have good leverage in that. And we walked through earlier on this call that the impact to NII and the impact to fees and so it's good. But I don't think the historical 5% is necessarily something we'd look at and say, is that the right target given the environment we're in today.

Mike?

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Just to add -- yeah, just to add on that, Brian, is the reality is to serve our clients, but equally important, to compete and win in the marketplace, we need the best people, and we need digital capabilities. And so, as Jason is saying, if you're in an inflationary environment, that's something you have to deal with because you need that expertise. You need the people to develop the technology as well. You need the people who service those clients. And the price or cost of that is different, and the same thing with developing the technological capabilities to be able to compete as well. So hard to pick a number on that. But as far as the dynamics that you're going through, I think it's a combination of what Jason said there and then just what's happening in the competitive marketplace.

[Brian Bedell, Analyst at Deutsche Bank Securities]

Right. Yeah, I was thinking the growth would be closer to that 2017, 2018 level of 8% to 9% rather than the historical 5%, given everything that you've been saying, if that makes sense.

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah.

[Brian Bedell, Analyst at Deutsche Bank Securities]

Okay. Great. That's pretty helpful. Thank you.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Thanks, Brian.

[Operator]

And we'll then move on to our next question from Gerard Cassidy from RBC. Please go ahead.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Hi Gerard.

[Gerard Cassidy, Analyst at RBC Capital Markets]

Hi. How are you, Jason? Jason, you brought up a good point about the appreciation in the markets correlating with the fed's balance sheet growing so dramatically. In your slides, you gave us that the total revenue for the full year, the trust, investment and other services fees were up 9%. I think you also showed us that the S&P on a fourth quarter to the fourth quarter was up 25% there about. How much of the 9% growth would you attribute to the markets going higher versus your customers bringing in new business?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

I can't get you pretty close on that.

[Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations at Northern Trust]

Yeah. You want me to --

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah. Go ahead.

[Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations at Northern Trust]

Sure. So Gerard, this is Mark. You're looking at the 9% full year trust fee growth. And so if we can get there directionally for you because we did have obviously the significant waiver drag as well. So waivers, if you did the math, I think we're about a 6 to 7 point drag. So that kind of brings you up to about a 16% growth without the waivers. And more than half of that was markets with the rest of it being organic. But fairly close. I mean, call it 9% or 10% or so of that 16% would have been from markets. Then there's other -- some other impacts like currencies and things like that. But the markets -- that would be give you a good proxy for the markets.

[Gerard Cassidy, Analyst at RBC Capital Markets]

No, that's very helpful. And then, Jason, following up, you mentioned in a couple of times about you don't expect your loan growth in 2022, which was up, I think, 20% in 2021 could be that strong. Can you maybe give us some color where you're expecting to kind of pull it back or just not to be as aggressive in 2022 versus 2021?

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah. It's not a pullback. It's more we felt a couple of years ago, our bankers felt -- let me make an observation, which was, I think we were seen as a reluctant lender with our clients. And our clients were doing things, they took pride in having large assets for us to manage and advise, but they didn't -- they thought we might not want to be a lender to them. And we wanted to deliberately go back and explain to those clients that if they wanted to buy a third home, if they were going to buy another business, if they were involved in private equity and needed warehouse lines, we're there for them to do that, and we're excellent in doing the underwriting, and we're competitive on the pricing.

And we didn't want to go out and do new types of lending with new types of clients. We wanted to do the same types of lending with the clients we knew. And so we've gotten through a lot of that, and we will -- so from here, I think our lending opportunities will be more what does the market provide, but that -- go back to those clients and explain to them how much we want to be supportive of them, a lot of that has played through. And then the second dynamic, and I've talked about it before, is in this type of volatile environment, some of our ultra, ultra-high net worth clients, they will do very large loans. And so that's driven some of the growth as well. And it's just unpredictable whether that will stay on the books for a long time.

[Gerard Cassidy, Analyst at RBC Capital Markets]

And I know, Jason, you don't want to give a forecast on loan growth, but could it revert back to like pre-2019 levels in terms of that kind of growth as we look forward? That's 2020.

[Jason J. Tyler, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Northern Trust]

I think that's less -- yeah, I think that it's less easy to predict. I do think, at this point, we've -- the message is out that we're there for our clients. And so the answer is probably somewhere in between. But the spiking is -- which could go up and could go down, is just something that our portfolio, size-wise, isn't as granular on a percentage basis. And so I just always try to remind people of that as they are doing calculations quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year.

[Gerard Cassidy, Analyst at RBC Capital Markets]

Great. Appreciate all the color. Thank you.

[Michael G. O'Grady, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Northern Trust]

Yeah. Thanks, Gerard.

[Operator]

And with that, that does conclude our question-and-answer session. And I would like to turn it back over to our presenters for any additional or closing remarks.

[Mark Bette, Senior Vice President, Director of Investor Relations at Northern Trust]

Thank you. Thanks for joining us, and we'll talk to you in April for our first quarter earnings.

[Operator]

[Operator Closing Remarks]