W. Robert Berkley
President & Chief Executive Officer at W. R. Berkley
Rich, thank you very much. So, just a couple of quick observations from me and as promised, we'll move on to the Q&A. But clearly the topline continues to be very healthy by any measurement. We like the balance that we see between rate versus exposure growth at one-thirds, two-thirds. I would tell you that that's sort of what it all adds up to when we put all the pieces together. But we look at this at a very granular level. We're looking at it by line, by exposure, by territory; and again we're trying to make sure that we have the right balance there. Long story short, really essentially across the board we have the -- it's all about specialty business these days and we have the right people with the right expertise whether it's on the commercial line side admitted or non-admitted, whether it's domestic or international, or certainly would not want to leave out our colleagues on the high net worth side; we are firing on basically all cylinders.
Also on the topline, Rich touched on this, I would just mention we do have sensitivity to the workers' comp line. We think there still are opportunities there, but one needs to be very cautious. The growth that you see in that line, as Rich commented, is really being driven by payroll growth. Across the board everywhere else, it's pretty much just really healthy growth as a result of the broader environment. The loss ratio, Rich covered this, I would just add my two cents. The 60.4% or the 58.2%, if you want to slip on the rose-colored glasses, that's fine. But I think one of the things that we work very hard at is making sure that we peel back a few layers and really understand what's going on in the business. So one of the things, and I know we've talked about this in past calls that I wanted to flag for people, and that is the paid loss ratio. And the paid loss ratio for the year of '21 was at 45.2%. And maybe to give you a couple of other data points.
If you go back to 2017, that was a 56.9%; '18 was 57.5%; '19 was a 55.2%; '20 was 51.9%; and then of course you can see the meaningful progress in '21. And again, that was pretty stable quarter-to-quarter. The expenses, Rich touched on that. We still are getting some benefit, if you will, from the lack of travel as a result of COVID though that is starting to pick up a bit. I would say really what's driving it more than anything else is the growth in the earned premium. And as the business continues to grow, we're going to see the benefits on multiple fronts, including the expense piece. So long story short, the underwriting is looking really good. And as I commented earlier, there's a lot of momentum. And as we look at January and we're looking at submissions and where it looks like things are coming out, there is nothing that leads us to believe that the environment is not stable or perhaps improving and we're very encouraged by that.
We touched on already and Rich offered a few comments on the investment portfolio, but I would just again flag for those that are interested not to underestimate the leverage that exists in our economic model. We have again been very disciplined on many fronts, including the investment portfolio and the duration. As rates move up and we take that duration out and the book yield moves up, I think one should not underestimate what that means for the earnings power of the business. And of course that alongside with the underwriting margin and the health of that and the scale of the business overall, I think bodes well for the foreseeable future.
So I'm going to pause there and let's pivot over to Q&A and talk about what you all would like to talk about. Josh, if we could please open it up for questions.