Capital One Financial Q2 2024 Earnings Report

Capital One Financial EPS Results

• Actual EPS: $3.14
• Consensus EPS: $3.28
• Beat/Miss: Missed by -$0.14
• One Year Ago EPS: $3.52

Capital One Financial Revenue Results

• Actual Revenue: $9.51 billion
• Expected Revenue: $9.57 billion
• Beat/Miss: Missed by -$63.48 million
• YoY Revenue Growth: +5.50%

Capital One Financial Announcement Details

• Quarter: Q2 2024
• Date: 7/23/2024
• Time: After Market Closes
• Conference Call Date: Tuesday, July 23, 2024
• Conference Call Time: 5:00PM ET

Capital One Financial (NYSE:COF) (NYSE: COF) is a diversified bank holding company headquartered in McLean, Virginia. The company’s core businesses include credit card lending, consumer and commercial banking, and auto finance. Capital One issues a wide range of credit card products for consumers and small businesses, and it operates deposit and digital banking services aimed at retail customers and small to midsize enterprises.

Products and services include credit and charge cards, checking and savings accounts (including the online-focused Capital One 360 platform), auto loans, and commercial lending solutions. The company combines traditional branch and ATM services with a significant digital and mobile banking presence, and it emphasizes data analytics and technology in underwriting, customer acquisition and risk management.

Founded in 1994 by Richard Fairbank and Nigel Morris, Capital One grew rapidly as a data-driven card issuer and later expanded its consumer banking footprint through acquisitions such as the 2012 purchase of ING Direct USA, which helped build its online banking business. The firm primarily serves customers in the United States, with select international operations and business lines that reach broader markets.

Capital One operates as a federally regulated bank holding company and serves a mix of retail and commercial clients. Leadership has included its co-founders in senior roles, and the company continues to invest in technology, compliance and risk management to support its lending and deposit-taking activities.

Capital One Financial Q2 2024 Earnings Call Transcript

Key Takeaways

• Adjusted EPS of $3.14 for Q2, excluding Walmart termination, Discover integration, and FDIC assessment adjustments.
• Pre-provision earnings rose 7% quarter-over-quarter and revenue increased 1% while non-interest expenses decreased 4%.
• Provision for credit losses increased by $1.2 billion, largely driven by the end of the Walmart loss sharing agreement, raising the allowance coverage ratio to 5.23%.
• Net interest margin expanded to 6.7%, up 1 basis point sequentially and 22 basis points year-over-year, aided by the Walmart agreement termination and higher auto yields.
• Domestic card purchase volume grew 5% and loan balances rose 8% year-over-year, but charge-off rates increased to 6.05%.

Presentation

[Operator]

Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Capital One Q2 2024 earnings call. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Jeff Norris, Senior Vice President of Finance. Please go ahead.

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Thanks very much, Josh, and welcome everyone to Capital One's second quarter 2024 earnings conference call. As usual, we are webcasting live over the Internet. To access the call on the Internet, please log on to Capital One's website at capitalone.com and follow the links from there. In addition to the press release and the financials, we've included a presentation summarizing our second quarter 2024 results. With me this evening are Mr. Richard Fairbank, Capital One's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Andrew Young, Capital One's Chief Financial Officer. Rich and Andrew will walk you through the presentation. To access a copy of the presentation and press release, please go to Capital One's website, click on Investors, then click on quarterly earnings release. Please note that this presentation may contain forward-looking statements.

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Information regarding Capital One's financial performance and any forward-looking statements contained in today's discussion and the materials speak only as of the particular date or dates indicated in the materials. Capital One does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any of this information, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. Numerous factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements. For more information on these factors, please see the section titled Forward-Looking Information in the earnings release presentation and the Risk Factors section in our annual and quarterly reports, accessible at the Capital One website and filed with the SEC. With that done, I'll turn the call over to Mr. Young. Andrew?

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

Thanks, Jeff, and good afternoon, everyone. I will start on slide 3 of tonight's presentation. In the second quarter, Capital One earned $597 million or $1.38 per diluted common share. Included in the results for the quarter were adjusting items related to the Walmart partnership termination, Discover integration costs, and an accrual for our updated estimate of the FDIC's special assessment. Net of these adjusting items, second quarter earnings per share were $3.14. Relative to the prior quarter, period-end loans held for investment increased 1%, while average loans were flat. Ending deposits were flat versus last quarter, while average deposits increased 1%. Our percentage of FDIC-insured deposits increased one percentage point to 83% of total deposits. Pre-provision earnings in the second quarter increased 7% from the first quarter.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

Revenue in the linked quarter increased 1%, driven by higher net and non-interest income, while non-interest expense decreased 4%, driven by a decline in operating expense. Our provision for credit losses was $3.9 billion in the quarter. The $1.2 billion increase in provision relative to the prior quarter was almost entirely driven by higher allowance. Included in the second quarter was an $826 million allowance build from the elimination of the loss sharing provisions that occurred within the termination of the Walmart partnership. The remaining quarter-over-quarter provision increase was driven by $353 million higher net reserve build and a $28 million increase in net charge-offs. Turning to Slide 4, I will cover the allowance in greater detail. We built $1.3 billion in allowance this quarter.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

The allowance balance now stands at $16.6 billion. Our total portfolio coverage ratio increased 35 basis points to 5.23%. The increase in this quarter's allowance and coverage ratio was largely driven by a build in our card segment. I'll cover the drivers of the changes in allowance and coverage ratio by segment on slide five. In our domestic card business, the allowance coverage ratio increased by 69 basis points to 8.54%. The substantial majority of the increase in coverage was driven by the impact of the termination of the Walmart loss sharing agreement. In our consumer banking segment, the allowance decreased by $23 million, resulting in a 5 basis point decrease to the coverage ratio. Finally, our commercial banking allowance increased by $6 million. Coverage ratio remained essentially flat at 1.74%.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

Turning to page 6, I'll now discuss liquidity. Total liquidity reserves in the quarter decreased about $5 billion to approximately $123 billion. Our cash position ended the quarter at approximately $45 billion, down about $6 billion from the prior quarter. The decrease was driven by wholesale funding maturities, loan growth, and declines in our commercial deposits, partially offset by deposit growth in our retail banking business. You can see our preliminary average liquidity coverage ratio during the second quarter was 155%, down from 164% in the first quarter. Turning to page 7, I'll cover our net interest margin. Our second quarter net interest margin was 6.7%, 1 basis point higher than last quarter and 22 basis points higher than the year ago quarter.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

The relatively flat quarter-over-quarter NIM was the result of largely offsetting factors. NIM in the quarter benefited from the termination of the revenue sharing agreement with Walmart, as well as modestly higher yields in the auto business. These two factors were roughly offset by the seasonal effects on yield in the card portfolio and a slight increase in the rate paid on retail deposits. Turning to Slide 8, I will end by discussing our capital position. Our Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio ended the quarter at 13.2%, 10 basis points higher than the prior quarter. Net income in the quarter was largely offset by the impact of dividends and $150 million of share repurchases. During the quarter, the Federal Reserve released the results of their stress test.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

Our preliminary stress capital buffer requirement is 5.5%, resulting in a CET1 requirement of 10%. However, as we disclosed in our last 10-Q, the announcement of the acquisition of Discover constituted a material business change. As a result, we are subject to the Federal Reserve's pre-approval of our capital actions until the merger approval process has concluded. With that, I will turn the call over to Rich. Rich?

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Thanks, Andrew, and good evening, everyone. Slide 10 shows second quarter results in our credit card business. Credit card segment results are largely a function of our domestic card results and trends, which are shown on slide 11. In the second quarter, our domestic card business delivered another quarter of strong results as we continued to invest in flagship products and exceptional customer experiences to grow our franchise. Year-over-year purchase volume growth for the quarter was 5%. Ending loan balances increased $11.1 billion, or about 8% year-over-year. Average loans also increased about 8%, and second quarter revenue was up 9%, driven by the growth in purchase volume and loans. Revenue margin for the quarter remained strong at 17.9%.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

The revenue margin includes a positive impact of about 18 basis points, resulting from the partial quarter effect of the end of the Walmart revenue sharing agreement. The charge-off rate for the quarter was 6.05%. The partial quarter impact of the end of the Walmart loss sharing agreement increased the quarterly charge-off rate by 19 basis points. Excluding this impact, the charge-off rate for the quarter would have been 5.86%, up 148 basis points year-over-year. The 30+ delinquency rate at quarter end was 4.14%, up 40 basis points from the prior year. As a reminder, the end of the Walmart loss sharing agreement did not have a meaningful impact on delinquency rates.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

The pace of year-over-year increases in both the charge-off rate and the delinquency rate have been steadily declining for several quarters and continued to shrink in the second quarter. On a sequential quarter basis, the charge-off rate, excluding the Walmart impact, was down 8 basis points, and the 30+ delinquency rate was down 34 basis points. Domestic card non-interest expense was up 5% compared to the second quarter of 2023, primarily driven by higher marketing expense. Total company marketing expense in the quarter was $1.1 billion, up 20% year-over-year. Our choices in domestic card are the biggest driver of total company marketing. We continue to see compelling growth opportunities in our domestic card business. Our marketing continues to deliver strong new account growth across the domestic card business.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Compared to the second quarter of 2023, domestic card marketing in the quarter included increased marketing to grow originations at the top of the marketplace, higher media spend, and increased investment in differentiated customer experiences, like our travel portal, airport lounges, and Capital One Shopping. Slide 12 shows second quarter results for our consumer banking business. After returning to positive growth last quarter, auto originations were up 18% year-over-year in the second quarter. Consumer banking ending loans were down $1.6 billion, or 2% year-over-year, and average loans were down 3%. On a linked quarter basis, ending loans were up 1% and average loans were flat. Compared to the year-ago quarter, ending consumer deposits were up about 7%, and average deposits were up 5%.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Consumer banking revenue for the quarter was down about 9% year-over-year, largely driven by higher deposit costs and lower average loans compared to the prior year quarter. Non-interest expense was up about 2% compared to the second quarter of 2023, driven by an increase in marketing to support our national digital bank. The auto charge-off rate for the quarter was 1.81%, up 41 basis points year-over-year. The 30+ delinquency rate was 5.67%, up 29 basis points year-over-year, largely as a result of our choice to tighten credit and pull back in 2022. Auto charge-offs have been strong and stable. Slide 13 shows second quarter results for our commercial banking business. Compared to the linked quarter, ending loan balances decreased about 1%. Average loans were also down about 1%.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

The modest declines are largely the result of choices we made in 2023 to tighten credit. Ending deposits were down about 6% from the linked quarter. Average deposits were down about 3%. The declines are largely driven by our continued choices to manage down selected, less attractive commercial deposit balances. Second quarter revenue was essentially flat from the linked quarter, and non-interest expense was lower by about 6%. The commercial banking annualized net charge-off rate for the second quarter increased 2 basis points from the sequential quarter to 0.15%. The commercial banking criticized performing loan rate was 8.62%, up 23 basis points compared to the linked quarter. The criticized non-performing loan rate increased 18 basis points to 1.46%. In closing, we continued to deliver strong results in the second quarter.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

We delivered another quarter of top-line growth in domestic card loans, purchase volume, and revenue, and a second consecutive quarter of year-over-year growth in auto origination. Consumer credit trends continued to show stability, and our operating efficiency ratio improved. We had guided to 2024 annual operating efficiency ratio, net of adjustments, to be flat to modestly down compared to 2023, assuming the CFPB late fee rule takes effect in October, and we're on a very consistent path with what we expected when we gave that guidance. If the implementation of the rule is delayed, that would be a tailwind to 2024 annual operating efficiency ratio. One thing that has changed is the Walmart relationship. Our partnership ended in the second quarter, which will increase charge-off rates, but have a positive impact on operating efficiency ratio.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Including the Walmart impact, we expect full year 2024 operating efficiency ratio, net of adjustments, to be modestly down compared to 2023. We continue to lean into marketing to grow and to further strengthen our franchise. In the domestic card business, we continue to get traction in originations across our products and channels, and our origination opportunities are enhanced by our technology transformation, which enables us to leverage machine learning at scale to identify the most attractive growth opportunities and customize our marketing offers. We're also getting traction in building our franchise at the top of the market with heavy spenders. It is not lost on us that competitive intensity and marketing levels are increasing at the very top of the market, and we know we have important investments to make.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

We continue to be pleased to see our investments pay off in customer and spend growth and returns. We're building an enduring franchise with annuity-like revenue streams, very low losses, and very low attrition. In consumer banking, our modern technology and leading digital capabilities are powering our digital-first national banking strategy, and we're leaning even harder into marketing to grow our national checking franchise, which has had industry-leading pricing with no fees and industry-leading customer satisfaction. Pulling up, marketing is a key driver of current and future growth and value creation across the company, and we're leaning hard into our marketing investments. We expect total company marketing in the second half of 2024 to be meaningfully higher than the first half, similar to the pattern we saw last year. We are all in and working hard to complete the Discover acquisition.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Our applications for regulatory approval are in process, and we're fully mobilized to plan and deliver a successful integration. We continue to expect that we'll be in a position to complete the acquisition late this year or early next year, subject to regulatory and shareholder approval. The combination of Capital One and Discover creates game-changing strategic opportunities. The Discover payments network positions Capital One as a more diversified, vertically integrated global payments platform, and adding Capital One's debit spending and a growing portion of our credit card purchase volume to the Discover network will add significant scale, increasing the network's value to merchants, small businesses, and consumers, and driving enhanced network growth. In credit cards and consumer banking, we're bringing together proven franchises with complementary strategies and a shared focus on the customer.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

We will be able to leverage and scale the benefits of our 11-year technology transformation across every business and the network. Pulling way up, the acquisition of Discover is a singular opportunity. It will create a consumer banking and global payments platform with unique capabilities, modern technology, powerful brands, and a franchise of more than 100 million customers. It delivers compelling financial results and offers the potential to create significant value for merchants and customers. Now we'll be happy to answer your questions. Jeff?

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Thanks, Rich. We'll now start the Q&A session. As a courtesy to other investors and analysts who may wish to ask a question, please limit yourself to one question plus a single follow-up. If you have any follow-up questions after the Q&A session, the investor relations team will be available after the call. Josh, please start the Q&A.

[Operator]

Thank you. To ask a question, please press star one one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star one one again. One moment for questions. Our first question comes from Sanjay Sakhrani with KBW. You may proceed.

[Sanjay Sakhrani, Managing Director and Senior Analyst at KBW]

Thanks. Rich, Andrew, just looking at the credit metrics, as Rich mentioned, it seems like the trends are pretty favorable. I mean, in most segments, things are improving, if not stable, and then US card, there's an improving trend in that second derivative. I'm just curious how we should think about reserve rate going forward, because I think even excluding the Walmart impact, the reserve rate went higher.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

Sure, Sanjay. Well, let me start by covering this quarter's allowance, and then I'll talk about the future. So in the quarter, as you said, you know, first, we had the effect of Walmart, the $826 million bill that we spelled out as an adjusting item. We also reserved for the growth we saw in the quarter. You know, beyond that, coverage in card, as you referenced, grew, I think it was just over 10 basis points, which is a little over 1% of the allowance balance. And so as part of that process each quarter, not only are we, you know, rolling forward our baseline forecast, but we're also looking at, you know, a range of macroeconomic and consumer behavior uncertainties, including, you know, things like the changing seasonal customer behavior we talked about last quarter.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

As a result, in this quarter, we increased the qualitative factors to reflect those uncertainties, and that's what drove the modest increase in coverage this quarter. As I look ahead, and, you know, talking conceptually here, but in a period where projected loss rates in future quarters are projected to stabilize and ultimately decline and might indicate a decline in the coverage ratio, I would say you could very well see a coverage ratio that, you know, remains flat for some period of time as we incorporate the uncertainty of those future projections into the allowance. You know, in a period where forecasted losses are rising, you know, we're quick to incorporate those higher forecasted losses and also potentially add qualitative factors for uncertainty, like you saw early in the pandemic.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

But I would say, it is unlikely to be symmetric on the way down. And so, you know, eventually, the projected, you know, stabilizing and ultimately lower losses will flow through the allowance, particularly as the uncertainties around that forecast become more certain. But, you know, at this point, I'm not going to be in the business of forecasting when that's actually going to take place for us.

[Sanjay Sakhrani, Managing Director and Senior Analyst at KBW]

Got it. And then, Rich, maybe you could just talk about the consumer and sort of the uncertainties there. Is there any discernible, like, change that you've seen since the last quarter in terms of the state of the consumer? We've obviously seen the spending trends sort of slow somewhat across the industry. But anything else to sort of point out?

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Sanjay, I think what we see is something that's very stable. You know, the U.S. consumer remains a source of strength in the overall economy. Of course, the labor market remains strikingly resilient. Rising incomes have kept consumer debt servicing burdens relatively low by historical standards, despite high interest rates. You know, when we look at our customers, you know, we see that on average, they have higher bank balances than before the pandemic, and this is true across income levels. You know, on the other hand, inflation shrank real incomes for almost two years, and we've only recently seen real wage growth turn positive again. And, you know, in this-...

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

A high interest rate environment, the cost of new borrowing has gone up in every major asset class, mortgages, auto loans, and credit cards. So we'll obviously keep an eye on that. And I think at the margin, these effects are almost certainly stretching some consumers financially. But on the whole, I think I'd say consumers are in reasonably good shape relative to most historical benchmarks. And you know, as our credit numbers came out in month by month.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Voice mail. The person you're trying to reach is not available. At the tone, please record your message. When you have finished recording, hang up.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

I'm sorry. Can you, can you hear me? Can you still hear me? You can hear me okay. I, I just had some text message coming in on my phone. But with respect to credit, we were very pleased with the credit performance in the quarter. You know, we had talked a bit about the seasonality. Maybe people want to ask a question about that. But we saw it basically pulling up. We see things settling out nicely in the card business, and there, things are very strong in the auto business.

[Operator]

Thank you.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Mihir Bhatia with Bank of America. You may proceed.

[Mihir Bhatia, Equity Research Analyst at Bank of America]

Hi, thanks for taking my question. Maybe, just turning to NIM for a second. You know, with the Fed, or at least expectations for rate cuts coming into view, can you just comment on the current backdrop for deposit competition? And how do you expect deposit betas to trend during the early stages of the Fed rate cutting cycle?

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

Sure, Mihir. Like, what we've seen, at least, within our walls, and you saw it, the evidence of it this quarter, in a quarter where seasonally, you typically see a decline in deposit balances. Looking at H.8 data, we saw a few, I think it was $4 billion of growth. We've been quite pleased, over the course of the last couple of years with all of the investments we've made over many years in building a deposit franchise and are certainly benefiting from that. And so with respect to the beta going forward, you know, first looking at what we saw in the upcycle here, you know, the total cumulative beta that we've seen in this cycle this quarter, I think cumulatively was 62%.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

And so assuming that the Fed's next move is to bring rates down, it's hard to precisely predict what's going to happen to deposit costs and therefore, betas. And in particular, the pace of those declines, because, you know, market dynamics, competitive pricing actions, other actions related to companies looking to potentially preserve NIM, that's going to drive betas in the future cycle. But, you know, I think you get a pretty good sense for our pricing and mix based on what you saw in the upcycle and within that backdrop that I just described, that's going to influence what happens to our beta on the way down.

[Mihir Bhatia, Equity Research Analyst at Bank of America]

Got it. Well, that's helpful. Thank you. And then just, switching back to the health of the customer-

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

Sure

[Mihir Bhatia, Equity Research Analyst at Bank of America]

... overall. If you look across your portfolio, you know, we've heard a little bit of talk about people pulling back, particularly on discretionary spend and low-income cohorts, et cetera. Is that a dynamic you are also seeing when you look at your customer base? And then relatedly, you know, Rich mentioned how pleased he is with the progress you're making on the higher income side, if you will, on the big, on the transactor, in that, in that high, high-end transactor balance side. I was just wondering, how does that change your portfolio as you think about it, like, over the next few years, like, you know, as you grow that book further?

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Yes. Well, thank you so much. Just with respect to spending, you know, we see pretty proportional movement in discretionary versus non-discretionary spending. Nothing really striking there when we look at the portfolio spending metrics. You know, the spend per customer is really pretty flat. You know, when you see spend growth at a company like Capital One, the purchase volume growth is really being driven by you know, the new accounts. So, things are really pretty stable, flat and stable, healthy, but pretty flat on a per customer basis. With respect to the question about the gradual transition of our portfolio to a higher-end customer, let me just pull up and talk about that.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

We have, you know, for decades, been a company that sort of serves the mass market, really from the top of the credit spectrum through to, you know, even down to some subprime customers. And we have continued very consistently with this strategy. Probably the most striking thing, though, that's happened over the last 10 or 14 years, I guess 14 years ago, is when we launched the Venture card. We have systematically leaned into going after the top of the market, not leaving the other behind, but really as an additive strategy. And we have continued through our marketing and through the products that we're offering, to just keep moving higher and higher in terms of the target customers and the traction that we're getting.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

And by the way, we continue, even as we're growing purchase volume overall, where we see the highest growth rates in purchase volume are as we go higher in the market. So we're very happy about that. And when we think about the portfolio effects that happened there, this is one thing that we see, is that payment rates have, along that journey, gone up quite a bit at Capital One. And when we've looked to see our payment rates coming back to where they were pre-pandemic, they, they sort of, you know, they probably just aren't gonna return all the way because that would be a reflection of the portfolio shift.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

We just, in general, have had the, the kind of mix shift that you'd expect with, you know, higher payment rates, and a just, higher levels, of spend, higher spend rates, in, in the business, and, that's been, very successful. So but from an outstandings point of view, it doesn't, the, the top of the market, business doesn't have that much impact on outstandings, 'cause these, folks generally, pay in full. So, you know, when you see the, the outstandings movement of Capital One, it's pretty consistently driven by the mass, market part of our business. It's just that inside, some of the portfolio metrics are moving because of the mix shift toward more spenders.

[Operator]

Thank you.

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Next question, please.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Rick Shane with J.P. Morgan. You may proceed.

[Rick Shane, Head of Consumer and Specialty Finance team at JPMorgan]

Thanks for taking my question this afternoon. Look, given the breadth of your reach across the consumer, income levels, can you talk a little bit about sort of any patterns that you're seeing? We've heard, for example, some slowdown in spending for lower-income consumers. I'm curious, particularly, you'd made a comment earlier in the quarter about, an increase in minimum payment rates. I'm curious if you're seeing, anything in terms of payment behavior that we should consider, by income level?

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Yeah. Okay, so let's just pull up, for a minute on just talking about how the subprime consumer is holding up. So, you know, way back in the global financial crisis, we observed that credit metrics in subprime moved earlier in both directions. Subprime also worsened less on a percentage basis than prime, but of course, it you know, in absolute deltas, it still moved more. In the pandemic, subprime credit moved more and more quickly than prime. It normalized more quickly and appears to be stable and appeared basically to stabilize sooner as well. And, you know, that's in the context of lower-income consumers seeing disproportionate benefits of government aid and, you know, forbearance on financial products, and then the unwinding of that, over time.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

And so subprime is, of course, not synonymous with lower income, although they're correlated, and we saw these effects across credit, you know, both in talking about the credit spectrum and also the income gradient. So, you know, on the other hand, just a couple of other effects, just on the credit side, that have happened over the recent years. Subprime consumers have been subject to more industry credit supply, including fintech competition, during and after the pandemic. So that's been something we've always kept a close eye on and, you know, worried about whether that was gonna disproportionately impact the credit performance of subprime customers. I don't really... I mean, given the overall pretty strong performance in subprime, I think we haven't seen that effect too much.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Another thing to point out is that income growth has been consistently higher for lower-income consumers over the past several years, and this is the opposite of what we saw during and after the global financial crisis. But you know, while no two cycles alike are alike, I think again, we're seeing that subprime consumers and lower, lower-income consumers again, they're not the same thing, but they tend to move earlier but not necessarily more than the overall market. Now, let's talk a little bit about payment rates. So, throughout the course of the pandemic, payment rates increased, not only for us, but across the industry. And more recently, payment rates have drifted down from pandemic highs, as the effects of stimulus have waned. And the payment rates, generally, we have seen this effect.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So, the effect that we've seen of payment rates going down relative to where they were, you know, one to two years ago, relative to their peak, basically. In every part of our business, they have come down, but are still above where they were pre-pandemic. And again, I think part of that is the mix effect that we talked about in the prior question. There's a mix effect, not only across our whole portfolio, but even within the segments of our portfolio. We've just had more emphasis on the spender side versus the revolver side internally. And so I think you see some of that showing up in the metrics. One other thing I wanna say is that I talk about your question about minimum payments.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So we have simultaneously, we're sort of seeing an effect where payment rates, while they're going down, continue to be well above pre-pandemic levels, even as minimum—the percentage of customers paying minimum payments. This, by the way, is not a subprime effect, this is a portfolio effect I'm talking about. The percent of customers paying minimum payments is also somewhat above pre-pandemic levels. Now, it seems a little odd to have both of those effects happening at the same time, but I think, in many ways, this is a very natural way that normalization is happening.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

And you've heard us talk for a long time now about what we call the delayed charge-off effect in consumer credit, that so many customers got stimulus and forbearance, that I think a lot of people who otherwise would have charged off were able to avoid that charge-off. Many hopefully were able to permanently avoid that, but for some, we have believed it was more of a deferral of an inevitability. And this phenomenon of delayed charge-offs which can't be separately measured, we believe is you know a driving factor behind why credit has been settling out higher than pre-pandemic. 'Cause I think there's just a delayed charge-off effect for some of these customers who otherwise would have charged off earlier.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

And that then would be consistent with a very healthy consumer payment rate, generally, even being higher than pre-pandemic. But there is a tail of consumers paying, you know, a higher percentage on minimum payments, and some of them going through a charge-off that might have otherwise happened a few years earlier.

[Operator]

Thank you.

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Next question, please.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Ryan Nash with Goldman Sachs. You may proceed.

[Ryan Nash, Managing Director of Regional Banks and Consumer Finance at Goldman Sachs]

Hey, good afternoon, Rich. Maybe to ask about marketing. So I think your guide that you provided said around $2.6 billion, roughly, of marketing spend in the second half, and you talked a little bit about the competitive intensity in the top of the market is increasing. Can you maybe just talk about how much the increase in marketing is being driven by the, you know, investing more to acquire more customers versus competition, pushing up the cost to acquire? And then just given what you just talked about around low-end consumers, are you pulling back elsewhere, anywhere, you know, to cover the increased cost of acquiring?

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Ryan, our, yeah, our comments about the competitive intensity, let me just elaborate a little bit more about that. The card business is very competitively intense, you know, across the spectrum. It's been consistently intense. Competition has, you know, competition in things like rewards, have certainly heated up over the last couple of years. And the thing that I was pointing out is just something that, again, is not something that is like the realization of the last month or so. It's a phenomenon we've seen for some time, but it is striking.... which is at the very top of the market.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

We are seeing, you know, for the, you know, especially couple of, competitors that we have, the most intensely play at the very, top of the market. You can just absolutely see they are stepping up, investing more in lounges, in experiences, in dining, investing in companies, marketing levels. You know, it's, it's, it's, I'm, I'm sure all the investors can see it. We can all see it, and they talk about it. And, it's not lost on us that, you know, these are strong competitors, and we certainly, you know, have, you know, we, we, we already have had very important, you know, investment plans in these areas, and, and we note that, others are investing heavily, too.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

With respect to the, let me just kind of pull up and just talk about the marketing, sort of where we are from a marketing point of view. We continue to see great opportunities, and really across our businesses. We remain very excited about the success of our origination activities, especially in our card products and channels, and of course, what's happening in the bank. The two big areas that are driven by marketing spend. You know, this continues to be powered by our technology transformation. And just to savor a little bit, 'cause we often point at that, why does the technology transformation help here? It gives us the ability to leverage more and more data and machine learning models to identify the most attractive growth opportunities.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

It allows us to increasingly tailor our solutions to, you know, down to the individual customer level, to ensure that we're meeting them right where we are. So kind of the first point I would say, and key reason we're leaning into the marketing is, we're getting a lot of traction, and our tech transformation is certainly helping to power more opportunities. Secondly, we continue to expand on our success in building a franchise at the top of the market and with heavy, heavy spenders in this quest. Well, for years we've been talking about, you know, going after the top of the market. Every year, as we get more traction, we reach just a little bit higher. These customers are very attractive.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

In addition to the obvious spend growth, they generate strong revenue, very low losses, low attritions, and the business helps elevate our brand really across the company. Now, it's also something that, you know, we've known all along, is that it's expensive and requires quite a bit of investment to build a business at the top of the market, you know, in the form of upfront costs and also in the form of a sustained commitment to customer benefits and experiences, and, and building a brand. So yeah, you have early spend bonuses that are important cost of doing business. That shows up in the marketing line item. Brand makes a huge difference, and brand, of course, requires a long-term commitment to build.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

And as we continue to move up the market, we are moving increasingly into areas where consumers are looking for exclusive services and experiences that aren't available in the general marketplaces, such as places such as airport lounges and access to select properties and iconic experiences. So we've seen at the top of the market, our two biggest competitors really lean in here, and we, you know, and we certainly are leaning in as well. Ryan, I wouldn't. There are sometimes I've seen over the years that marketing levels just rise, and so you just gotta market more and more and more just to hold your own. And I don't feel that we're in an environment like this.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

I feel that certainly competitive intensity is increasing, but when we're talking about, in general, in the card business, where competitive intensity is increasing a bit, and specifically with respect to these investments at the top of the market, you know, these are just important things that you have to build to win at the top of the market. But we are very pleased with the traction we're getting, the economics of our heavy spender business. You know, we just, it's just not lost on us. A couple of our other competitors are very focused on the same thing. So we continue to lean into growth here, both in terms of upfront customer acquisition and our ongoing investment in brand and exclusive experiences, and benefits.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Now, let me now turn to the third part of our marketing story, which is our investment in building our national bank... So this has been a journey that we've been on for many, many years. When we bought ING Direct, Direct way back in 2012, we said this is gonna be not only a great financial acquisition, but it's going to be a transformational strategic acquisition. Because now, as a player with a significant branch network and a national direct bank, we have the building blocks to build a unique national bank. And that's what we're building, a digital-first national bank. We've got smaller physical branch networks, so we lean more on our cafe network, which is in cafes in 21 of the top 25 MSAs.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Lean very heavily into our digital experiences and, really importantly, without a branch on every corner across the United States. The role for Capital One, that marketing and brand play in building this, you know, national banking business, is absolutely a central role. So, we are very pleased with the growth that we're getting, the traction, the performance, of this business. And, you know, the opportunity just gets bigger when we think about in the context of the combined entity now joining force with Discover. So these are the compelling opportunities behind our marketing growth, and we continue to feel really good about the success and the opportunities in front of us.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

That's why we are leaning in very much into the marketing and specifically with respect to the rest of the year, why we pointed to and of course, virtually every year at Capital One, the second half of the year has quite a bit more marketing than the first half. We pointed to a pattern, kind of like what we what we saw last year in terms of proportional increases in marketing. Thanks, Ryan.

[Ryan Nash, Managing Director of Regional Banks and Consumer Finance at Goldman Sachs]

Thanks for the color.

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Next question, please.

[Operator]

Thank you. Our next question comes from Bill Carcache with Wolfe Research Securities. You may proceed.

[Bill Carcache, Senior Equity Research Analyst at Wolfe Research Securities]

Thank you. Good evening, Rich and Andrew. Following up on your credit commentary, there had been an expectation among many investors that we would see peak charge-offs somewhere around the second half of this year, given the delinquency trends that you're seeing. Is that a reasonable expectation? And if so, it seems like your credit outlook has de-risked somewhat, given an improving loss trajectory, but higher reserve rate, you know, driven by qualitative factors. Is that a fair thought process? I'll just ask my follow-up as part of this. You mentioned, Andrew, that your capital return is subject to Fed approval, given the pending acquisition. How should we think about the pace of incremental buybacks as we look ahead at the rest of the year? Thanks.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Oh, yeah, yeah. Bill, yeah, let me, let me make a couple comments on credit. Let me, let me seize a moment in the spirit of Henry Kissinger, who says, "I hope you have questions for my answers." I let me just ask myself a question so I can answer it, 'cause it's gonna, it's set the table for answering your question. Which, you may remember last quarter, we pointed at tax refund patterns and said that that there may be a new seasonality pattern emerging. And it would be too early to call that, but it was making it a little bit.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

Things were not following as closely on a month-by-month basis to some pre-pandemic delinquency patterns that our hypothesis was 3 months ago that we're seeing a tax refund effect. So let me just talk about that for a second, and then, Bill, I'll pull up and talk about just sort of what does this mean for sort of how I feel about where we are with respect to credit. So let's just talk for a second about how seasonality works. We've always seen seasonal credit patterns in our card biz and our portfolio trend. You know, they have generally been more pronounced. They've had more pronounced seasonal patterns than the industry average.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

I think that's because we have a higher subprime component, and those customers are even more linked, I think, to the seasonal patterns associated with tax refunds. That would be our hypothesis there. Now, the second quarter tends to be the seasonal low point for delinquencies, and Q4 tends to be the seasonal high point for delinquencies. Card losses lag relative to delinquencies, so losses tend to be seasonally lowest in the third quarter and highest in the first quarter. Now, we believe that tax refunds, again, are a significant driver of these seasonal trends. And tax refund funds drive a large seasonal improvement in delinquent payments in the February, March time period, which then flows through to lower delinquencies in April and May, and then to lower charge-offs. And tax refunds also drive a seasonal uptick in our recoveries.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So the tax code, actually, new tax withholding rules went into effect way back in 2020. They were passed in 2019, went into effect in 2020, but the pandemic and the normalization since then have kind of swamped seasonality, so we haven't really been able to get a really good read at it, of it, so we've tended to benchmark to the seasonality of pre-pandemic, like 2018 and 2019. But we've now had several more months to look at this pattern, and we're seeing a pattern. Well, let me back up. What we've done is what we call detrending of our credit metrics.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So in hindsight, we take the trends out of them to the best we can, so we can see what the net seasonality effects are. And on a detrended basis, last year showed a seasonality with less amplitude on the high side and the low side than had previously been seen pre-pandemic. We assumed that was probably, again, a manifestation of the new behaviors going in with the new tax refunds. As we now have seen this tax season play out, the seasonality, the payment patterns have been very close to our detrended 2023 line, so that we believe that we are seeing, and it's very plausible, we are seeing a new seasonality. I just want to share that with investors.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So, you know, so later tax refunds and later and lower, sort of, lowered the seasonal improvement in delinquencies. But we think the seasonal increase in delinquencies that we see in the back half of the year likely will also be less pronounced going forward than it has been in the past. All of this, by the way, happens in auto seasonality, but in an even faster, more concentrated way. So, what we see, we felt it was a little bit noisy. Last quarter when we were talking to you, we were finding each quarter, things were coming in a little bit... I mean, the second derivative was still, you know, doing great things. But relative to our sort of close in expectations based on seasonality, things were a little bit off.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

With the revised seasonality, what we see is things very nicely settling out in card credit. You know, we feel very good about the last couple of months that came in relative to that new seasonality curve. I think settling out is the real word from here. Given that, you know, from that to your question about peak, we're not really giving forward guidance about declarations of peak. You know, from a seasonal point of view, things should head down from here in Q3, and then sort of pop up around October. October is often a month we tend to get just a little bit of an October surprise, so we'll keep an eye on that.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

But, the other thing I just want to say about credit is our recoveries inventory is starting to rebuild, and that should be a gradual tailwind to our losses over time, all else being equal. And then other than the economy, I think the other real factor that's gonna drive credit performance for us and other issuers in the next couple of years will be what is the size of this delayed charge-off effect from the pandemic? Thank you.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

And then, Bill, well, with respect to the de-risk comment, Rich just provided a lot of color on our view of losses. I would just say, given the accounting rules, we forecast losses under a variety of scenarios and use qualitative factors for uncertainties around that. And, I would say, therefore, like, we are appropriately reserved for all of that. With respect to your question around repurchases, I'll just note, our agreement with Discover doesn't prohibit us from buying shares. The only restriction is that we'll need to be out of the market during the S-4 proxy vote period. However, we are not operating under the SCB.

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

As I said in my prepared remarks, and we laid out in the last Q, the announcement of the intention to acquire Discover did constitute a material business change. And, you know, therefore, like we did in this recent quarter, in the second quarter, you know, we're subject to Fed pre-approval of our capital actions until the merger approval process has concluded. And so that's what's going to dictate the pace at which we repurchase until that process has concluded.

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Next question, please.

[Operator]

Thank you. Our next question comes from Don Fandetti with Wells Fargo. You may proceed.

[Don Fandetti, Managing Director at Wells Fargo]

Yes, Rich, can you talk a bit about how you're seeing loan growth in auto, and also, you know, as banks potentially come back in, are you seeing or worried about spread or yield compression on new originations?

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So, hey, Don. You know, it's an interesting thing. We always seem to zag while others zig in the auto business. As we discussed in the last quarter, we have an optimistic outlook on the auto business. We're seeing a lot of success in the auto business, and our investments in infrastructure are also reaping a lot of benefits for us. So just on the numbers, our originations grew 21% versus last year in Q1, and the trend continues in Q2 with 18% growth on the year-over-year quarter. And the loss performance has normalized, and it's stable. You know, very importantly, we intervened and made an adjustment for what we felt was credit score inflation that was happening during the pandemic.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

And so we pulled back in 2022 and 2023 by just, in a sense, worsening the otherwise scores one would see under a belief that they were artificially inflated. And that's enabled our vintages all through this period of time, 2022, 2023 and all through the normalization, to perform very well. We like the economics of the loans were originated and, we're, you know, very satisfied with the performance of the overall portfolio. So, you know, when we think about the headwinds in the business, interest rates remain high and of course, that along with, high vehicle values, continues to pressure affordability.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

And, you know, auto, used car prices, which are still high relative to historical standards, you know, they are probably in a position to gradually be coming down, so we'll have to keep an eye on that. For a long time, we were concerned about the margins in the business because competitors had not passed through higher interest rates into the cost of the auto loans. We pulled back quite a bit, Don, as you remember, during that period of time. We have seen those margins basically return to where they were, so I think that's a pretty good sign there.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So all things considered, with a watchful eye on used car values, we are seeing enhanced opportunities in the auto business with margins that, you know, have a good resilience to them, and quite a bit improved relative to the period where we were raising the alarm bells a bit about what was happening to the effective resilience in that business. Thank you.

[Don Fandetti, Managing Director at Wells Fargo]

Thanks.

[Operator]

Thank you.

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Next question, please.

[Operator]

Our final question this evening comes from the line of Moshe Orenbuch with TD Cowen. You may proceed.

[Moshe Orenbuch, Managing Director at TD Cowen]

Great, thanks. When you talked about the increase in the reserve rate, you know, not the dollars of the reserve, not the Walmart piece, but the reserve rate itself, Andrew, you didn't mention like, mix of receivables. You know, is it has there been any shift, you know, towards, you know, mass market or subprime from super prime within the card business?

[Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One]

Not in any material way that would have a significant impact on the allowance, Moshe.

[Moshe Orenbuch, Managing Director at TD Cowen]

Got it. Okay, great. And just as a follow-up, Rich, you know, given what's happened with Walmart and the pending Discover acquisition, could you talk a little about your thoughts on, you know, the partner or private label business, you know, kind of in the current environment? Like, you know, what are your thoughts now in terms of your existing contracts and you know, the tendency to want to

[Moshe Orenbuch, Managing Director at TD Cowen]

... you know, to get new ones or any, any thoughts on that in this environment?

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So, thank you. I think well, the Walmart partnership is a very, was a very unique one that I think, you know, there's not a lot to extrapolate to other partners on that. I think we've ended up in a situation there where, you know, we, you know, the loss share was a very good thing, so we're gonna be carrying around, you know, loss rates that are, you know, something on the order of 40 basis points higher on our portfolio for that. So, you know, we'll have to just make sure we all see that. But we've got the, you know, the full economics on the business. Increasingly, you know, the portfolio we inherited is now very seasoned, and the rest of it is the portfolio we ourselves originated.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

So, you know, we know it well, and I think that, you know, we feel very good about that. So, the partnership business is a very partner-by-partner business. I think where people get into trouble is feeling they've got to drive to a certain scale. We all know scale matters in the credit card business, and scale matters in the partnership business. But here's the thing: We have certainly learned over time how unique or how individual different partnerships are. And we've seen great ones, and we've seen not so great ones. Here's, Moshe, what we -- if I pull up on the patterns of what we most look for.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

It's, first of all, a healthy franchise, a company that is itself healthy, and that's certainly a good sign. Now, the credit card business does have a pretty good default structure, whereby if a partner runs into trouble and can't continue, we inherit the portfolio, which, now, Walmart, of course, is a very strong company. Here's an example of inheriting a portfolio, where I think, you know, things are gonna continue very successfully, there. But the other thing that we really look for is what is the reason that the partner is driving this, yeah, either co-brand or private label business?

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

On one end of a continuum is, it's the sheer quest for profits, and on the other end of the continuum, it is having the card partnership as a centerpiece in driving a franchise. And the behaviors that a partner has, the incentives that get baked into programs, they tend to be very driven by where on that continuum one is. We've walked away from a lot of opportunities over the years, where things were just too focused on the card partnership as sort of the means to drive profit for the partner more so than a way to really build a franchise. But those are some of the patterns. There are always exceptions to every rule, but every rule.

[Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO at Capital One]

But, so we're still very much a believer in the card partnership business, but the key is, we're gonna be selective and never, you know, knowing that it's an auction-based business, that's the other thing. One has to really be willing to walk away, when the price isn't right. So, with that, those are my thoughts, Moshe.

[Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One]

Thank you, Rich, and thanks, everyone, for joining us on the conference call today. Thank you for your continuing interest in Capital One. Have a great evening.

[Operator]

Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.

Participants

Executives

• Richard Fairbank, Chairman and CEO

Analysts

• Andrew Young, CFO at Capital One
• Bill Carcache, Senior Equity Research Analyst at Wolfe Research Securities
• Don Fandetti, Managing Director at Wells Fargo
• Jeff Norris, SVP of Finance at Capital One
• Mihir Bhatia, Equity Research Analyst at Bank of America
• Moshe Orenbuch, Managing Director at TD Cowen
• Rick Shane, Head of Consumer and Specialty Finance team at JPMorgan
• Ryan Nash, Managing Director of Regional Banks and Consumer Finance at Goldman Sachs
• Sanjay Sakhrani, Managing Director and Senior Analyst at KBW