Tower Semiconductor Q3 2026 Earnings Results & Report

Tower Semiconductor EPS Results

• Actual EPS: $1.05
• Consensus EPS: $1.07
• Beat/Miss: Missed by -$0.02
• One Year Ago EPS: $0.47
• EPS Beat Rate: 5 of last 8 quarters

Tower Semiconductor Revenue Results

• Actual Revenue: $526.16 million
• Expected Revenue: $521.83 million
• Beat/Miss: Beat by +$4.33 million
• YoY Revenue Growth: +32.80%

Tower Semiconductor (NASDAQ:TSEM) is an Israel-based specialty semiconductor foundry that manufactures chips for companies that design and market their own products. Its services include wafer fabrication, process development and engineering support, helping customers bring semiconductor designs from development into production.

The company focuses on analog and mixed-signal technologies used in areas such as radio-frequency communications, power management, image sensing, automotive electronics and silicon photonics. Its process offerings include silicon-germanium, RF CMOS and CMOS image-sensor technologies, among others.

Founded in 1993, Tower Semiconductor serves customers around the world and operates manufacturing facilities in Israel, the United States and Japan. Russell Ellwanger has served as the company’s chief executive officer since 2005.

Tower Semiconductor Q3 2026 Earnings Call Transcript

Key Takeaways

• Positive Sentiment: Record third-quarter results included $526 million in revenue, up 36% year over year, and $120 million in net income, with a 23% net margin. Management guided to approximately $600 million of fourth-quarter revenue, implying roughly $2 billion for full-year 2026.
• Positive Sentiment: Silicon photonics demand is accelerating on AI infrastructure growth. Tower expects year-end SiPho start capacity to be about double the level supporting third-quarter shipments, with signed or advanced customer commitments extending through 2029 and the $920 million expansion expected to achieve a full return on investment within one year.
• Positive Sentiment: Management raised its long-term financial model to $3.6 billion in annual revenue, $1.63 billion in gross profit, and $1.2 billion in net profit, supported by a richer SiPho and SiGe product mix. The company also highlighted opportunities in near-packaged optics, integrated lasers, 3.2-terabit products, and optical circuit switching.
• Neutral Sentiment: Capacity expansion is progressing ahead of schedule, but additional depreciation from newly installed tools is expected to reduce incremental gross margins from the unusually high 62% level reported in the quarter toward a long-term 55%–58% range.
• Neutral Sentiment: Tower acknowledged increasing competition in silicon photonics and silicon germanium, although executives said customer contracts, high yields, leading-edge technology, and long-term partnerships should help preserve a strong market position. Near-packaged optics adoption remains an opportunity, but its near-term contribution depends on customer and market adoption.

Presentation

[Operator]

Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Tower Semiconductor third quarter 2026 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be the question-and-answer session. To ask a question during the session, you need to press star one one on your telephone keypad. You will then hear an automatic message advising your hand is raised. To withdraw a question, please press star one and one again. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to our first speaker today, Noit Levy, Chief People, Communications, and Investor Relations Officer. Please go ahead.

[Noit Levy, Chief People, Communications, and Investor Relations Officer at Tower Semiconductor]

Hello, everyone, and thank you for joining us. Welcome to Tower Semiconductor third quarter of 2026 financial results conference call. With us today are Mr. Russell Ellwanger, Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Marco Racanelli, President, and Mr. Oren Shirazi, Chief Financial Officer. Before we begin, please note that certain statements made during today's call may be forward-looking and subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. These risks are detailed in our SEC filings, Form 20-F and 6-K, as well as filings with the Israel Securities Authority, all available on our website. Tower assumes no obligation to update forward-looking statements. Our third quarter 2026 results are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Some data presented may include non-GAAP financial measures as defined under SEC Regulation G. Reconciliation to GAAP figures and full explanations are provided in today's press release and financial tables.

[Noit Levy, Chief People, Communications, and Investor Relations Officer at Tower Semiconductor]

For your reference, a supporting slide deck is available on our website and integrated into this webcast. With that, I'll turn the call over to our CEO, Mr. Russell Ellwanger. Russell?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Thank you, Noit. Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining our call. We have much to discuss. We will speak not only to the strength of our current performance, but very importantly, on what comes next, namely the great business and financial strength with which we will be opening 2027, the visibility we have into the future demand, the realization of investments to fully capture that demand, 2028, 2029 further customer commitments, and our significant growth in customer line value creation activities for 2029 and beyond. Indeed, a long-term value creation campaign with boots on the ground providing real-time measurable financial and strategic achievements. During the third quarter, we continued to deliver record results while building upon our technology leadership and expanding capacity with increasing customer commitments to support a significantly higher level of revenue and earnings in the quarters and years ahead.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

At the center of this growth are our silicon photonics platforms, where accelerating AI infrastructure demand, expanding customer programs, and long-term capacity commitments continue to increase Tower's scale and strategic position. This momentum is complemented by strong execution across our broader portfolio of differentiated analog semiconductor technologies. We are entering the strongest growth phase in our history. Our third quarter performance demonstrates that the strategic decisions we have made are translating into record revenue, expanding earnings power, and significant visibility into the years ahead. Third quarter revenue was $526 million as compared to $396 million in the third quarter of 2025, a 33% year-over-year growth, resulting in a net profit of $120 million, or 23% net margin, up from 14% net margin a year ago.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Our fourth quarter 2026 mid-range revenue guidance is $600 million, which achievement would result in a 2026 full-year revenue of $2 billion against a full-year 2025 revenue of $1.57 billion. Achieving a $2.4 billion revenue run rate is most significant, as our demand and start plan do not indicate the typical industry first quarter seasonality. To the contrary, we expect to see continued growth. Hence, the starting point of 2027 is targeted to be higher than the $2.4 billion annual begin run rate and greater than 45% increase as compared to the first quarter of 2026 revenue starting point. Later in the call, we will share details that underscore the strong quarter-over-quarter growth we are driving in 2027. Moving into our businesses, please refer to slide four as reference for the Q3 revenue breakdown by technology.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

The third quarter was another quarter of strong operational execution by our teams, both in the expansion and repurposing of four of our five factories towards substantially higher infrastructure mix, with a background of growth activities in all of our core businesses. Our silicon photonics business is experiencing exceptional growth. To support accelerating customer demand, we are expanding capacity across four manufacturing sites, a business that contributed approximately $240 million of silicon photonics revenue in Q3 2026 alone. With substantial capacity coming online this quarter, we expect year-end capacity to be approximately double the level that supported the Q3 2026 silicon photonics revenue.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

This positions us for significant revenue ramp in the first and second quarters of 2027 as the new start rates move through the fab and ship, establishing a new substantially higher sustainable baseline for the quarters ahead, and thereby also achieving a full ROI within one year for the previously announced $920 million CapEx investments. Additionally, the execution of our released Track-1 300-millimeter expansion is progressing ahead of schedule, with all tools ordered and slotted, with full production starts targeted for Q3 2027. Including the Track-1 300-millimeter expansion, our silicon photonics start capacity is targeted to increase by 3x versus the level that supported the Q3 2026 $250 million—or $240 million SiPho shipments. Importantly, this capacity is spoken for.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Through a combination of signed agreements and contracts in advanced stages of negotiation, we have secured customer demand commitments for both 200 mm and 300 mm production, and now having extended it to include 2029, at which time our incremental Track-2 plant capacity ramp is well underway, ultimately quadrupling our 300 mm Japan capacity. Of note, all expansion is planned to continue to be self-funded. In addition to serving the rapidly growing market, largely of pluggable scale-out transceivers, we continue many activities with tier one customers that take advantage of new opportunities, expanding our served market. The most significant of these is the change in form factor towards near-packaged optics, or NPO, that promises to add scale-up opportunities to our clearly established leading position in the scale-out market. In the view of most analysts, NPO scale-out can double the optical transceiver market.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

To this end, we are prototyping NPO products with more than 10 of our top customers. NPO can more often integrate, transmit, and receive functions in our SiPho die, expanding our silicon SAM versus the traditional pluggable market, where normally only transmit function is built into the SiPho die. NPO can also improve our position in the electrical IC SiGe market, as most implementations of NPO will replace the DSP to improve cost, power, and latency with SiGe TIAs and drivers, and at that with greater footprint due to the increased incorporation of equalizer functionality, expanding our SiGe market opportunity. To this end, we have announced this quarter a substantial capacity agreement with Semtech and are seeing further unprecedented growth opportunities for our SiGe business. Longer term, we are building the capability to integrate new material into our SiPho platform to further expand our served available market.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

In one such example, we announced initial production for NewPhotonics with a new technology where we integrated indium phosphide lasers within our silicon photonics die. This is done through a die-to-wafer attach of indium phosphide epi chiplets, further processed in our factory to create a final die that incorporates indium phosphide lasers within our silicon photonics. As this technology ramps, we gain access to the laser market, an additional multiples of increase in serviceable market. This die-to-wafer technology is now being deployed with other materials, such as thin-film lithium niobate, to provide 400 Gb per lane next-generation differentiated products to our tier one lead customers. Beyond the optical transceiver market, our SiPho platform, combined with heterogeneous integration capability, has emerged as the go-to solution for silicon photonics-based optical circuit switches.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Silicon photonics-based solid-state OCS are emerging as a strong contender against MEMS or other niche solutions because of fast nanosecond-level switching speeds, the CMOS manufacturing scale, and compatibility with the CPO/NPO ecosystem for tighter system integration. Finally, we have been a significant player in coherent SiPho products for Marvell, used in data center connect applications, as we have discussed in the past. This technology is now being evaluated for inside data center scale across applications, which could as well significantly expand the sector of the SiPho market, where you already have strong position and differentiated technology. Longer term, we are also investing in several scale-up and scale-in wide and slow technologies, which promise high total bandwidth by creating large parallel links at lower speed through the use of micro LEDs and/or VCSELs.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

We have several active engagements ongoing with tier one customers, with the potential of high volume in a new facet of the optical communication market. As stated earlier, NPO is providing an expanding market for silicon germanium TIA and drivers, resulting in unprecedented customer demand being served now from three 200 mm factories and one 300-millimeter factory. In tandem with our capacity expansion, we continue to advance our technology roadmap and are happy to report that our H6 next-generation silicon germanium technology is seeing strong design-in momentum, already in production for the most demanding products. The strength of our technology was also reflected recently when Semtech, a strategic silicon germanium partner of more than two decades, received an innovation award at ECOC 2026 for its optical interconnect solutions. Our 300-millimeter capacity corridor in Agrate, Italy, delivered its highest RF-SOI revenue quarter-to-date.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

We also set new records for the number of product tape-outs for Fab 10, demonstrating the strength of our long-standing customer relationships and the exceptional execution by our Fab 10 team to deliver the technology roadmap, extending the design win momentum on our industry-leading 300-millimeter RF-SOI platforms. We expect this trajectory to continue over the coming quarters. Demand for Tower's BCD technologies continues to strengthen across both 200-millimeter and 300-millimeter platforms, with about 10% year-over-year growth. This growth is driven not only by the rapid expansion of AI and cloud data centers, but also by growing customer success in mobile and automotive applications. This momentum is reflected in increasing customer commitments, with several strategic accounts entering into long-term agreements at higher ASPs, resulting in forecasted 20% higher blended prices for 2027 versus 2026.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

In CIS and displays, we have started production of a new high-speed global shutter sensor for high-end video cameras with one of the DSLR/MILC industry leaders. Together with our lead customers, we are driving next phase of business growth, building demand towards a significant additional capacity that will come online with the Uozu expansion. We are also working closely with our OLED-on-silicon display customers to provide capacity for their expected steep ramp in 2027. Looking at utilization, during the third quarter, all of our 200-millimeter fabs operated at utilization levels of 85%-90%. Our 300-millimeter 12-inch fab continues to be fully utilized, well above our 85% utilization model. As stated, substantial capacity is being added to all sites in accordance with extreme growing demand.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

To summarize, we entered the second half of 2026 with strong business momentum, supported by broad customer demand across our differentiated technology platforms and continued high utilization across our entire manufacturing footprint. Importantly, the strength we see extends beyond the current quarter, well beyond. Customer engagement, design activity, and demand visibility continue to reinforce our confidence in growth opportunities ahead, enabled by the unique significant value which each of our specialized analog technologies provide. Our prospects are very good and even getting better, with all of our key business units experiencing increased demand with expected revenue growth throughout 2027. SiPho and silicon germanium are experiencing unprecedented growth, having achieved majority share of pluggable scale-out market.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

We're not only enjoying the substantial market growth of this segment, but by having close partnerships and cooperations with the market leaders, we are enjoying rich developments, increasing our served market, targeting to continue proliferation of our differentiated technologies into multifaceted applications. The number of advanced NPO engagements is just one of the many indicators of rich partnerships capturing the future. As a summary point, our Q4 2026 SiPho annualized run rate is expected to exceed $1.1 billion, with significant target further increases in Q1 2027. We will end this year in an extremely exciting position. With that, I'd like to turn the call to our CFO, Mr. Oren Shirazi. Oren, please.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

Thank you, Russell. Hello, everyone. The third quarter marked another significant step-up in Tower's financial performance, with record revenue, record gross profit, and strong operating leverage across the P&L. Revenue increased 33% year-over-year to $526 million, while gross profit increased by 92%. Operating profit increased by 2.5x, and net profit reached $120 million, representing 23% net margin, or 2.2x as compared to the third quarter of 2025. These results demonstrate our accelerating growth in translating into substantial earnings expansion. They also reflect the increasing contribution of our differentiated higher-value technologies and the strength of our operating model as we scale. Importantly, we are entering this next phase of growth from a position of financial strength, evidenced by our strong balance sheets and cash position.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

With customer long-term contracts that secure our CapEx investments will yield quick ROIs by providing increased visibility into our customers' future demand and high capacity utilization. I will now review the quarterly financial performance, followed by our balance sheet, cash flow, and capital investment plan, and conclude with the financial framework underlying our long-term business model. Looking into the P&L, revenue for the third quarter of 2026 was $526 million, a record in the company's history, representing 14% quarter-over-quarter growth as compared to $460 million in the second quarter of 2026, and $130 million higher year-over-year, or 33% year-over-year growth. Gross profit for the third quarter of 2026 was a record $179 million, an increase of 92% compared to $93 million in the third quarter of 2025.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

Operating profit for the third quarter of 2026 was $127 million, 2.5x the operating profit in the third quarter of 2025. Net profit for the third quarter of 2026 was $120 million, reflecting 23% net margin. Net profit is more than double the $54 million in the third quarter of 2025. Earnings per share for the third quarter of 2026 were $1.06 basic and $1.05 diluted, as compared to $0.48 basic and $0.47 diluted in the third quarter of 2025. Moving to our balance sheet.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

Prepayments received from SiPho customers, mostly towards 2027 capacity reservation, including the $290 million previously announced prepayments received in the first quarter of 2026, are presented in the balance sheet as liabilities under short and long-term customers' advances and are included in the 2026 cash flow report as cash flow from operating activities. Our balance sheet continues to be very strong, evidenced by the following indicators and financial ratios. As of the end of September 2026, our assets totaled $4 billion, primarily comprised of $1.8 billion in net fixed assets, predominantly fab machinery, and $2 billion of current assets. Shareholders' equity reached a record of $3.2 billion, representing 80% of total assets. Our current ratio is strong at about 3.7x, and our increased long-term asset balance mainly reflects the Newport fab lease prepayment as well as other prepayments. Hedging.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

I would like now to describe our currency hedging activities regarding Japanese yen. Since the majority of TPSCo's revenue is denominated in yen and the vast majority of TPSCo's costs are also in yen, we have a natural hedge over most of our Japanese business and operations. To mitigate part of the remaining yen exposure, we execute zero-cost cylinder transactions to hedge currency fluctuations. Hence, while the yen exchange rate against the dollar may fluctuate, there is a limited impact on our margins. Regarding the Israeli shekel, while we have no revenue in this currency, a portion of our cost in Israel is denominated in shekels, so we also hedge a large portion of that currency risk by entering into zero-cost cylinder transactions to mitigate the exposure.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

Hence, while the shekel exchange rate against the dollar may fluctuate, as seen over the past few quarters, during which the shekel appreciated strongly against the dollar, the impact on our margins is limited. Now moving to CapEx investment plan. As previously announced, in order to support the increasing SiPho and SiGe demand, we are executing a $920 million investment plan to expand capacity and capability of SiGe and SiPho equipment across our 8-inch fabs in Israel, Newport Beach, and Texas, as well as our 12-inch Uozu fab in Japan. These investments are progressing ahead of schedule in terms of on-schedule tool, technology, process qualification, equipment arrivals, and ramp plans, and are supported by customer contracts and prepayment.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

Approximately 65% of this $920 million CapEx investment has been paid to date and is included in our cash flow for investing activities for the reporting period through the third quarter of 2026, while the remaining 35% is expected to be paid during Q4 2026 and H1 2027. As Russell noted earlier, we expect one year full ROI from this investment. In addition, we are executing on the Track-1 Japan 300 mm CapEx plan by issuing purchase orders for 12-inch SiPho capacity and capability tools that will significantly increase our 12-inch SiPho capacity. These CapEx payments are scheduled for 2027 and 2028. Business model.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

As recently announced, the company updated its business model, which now includes the planned investment in our Arai facility, formerly Fab 6, to repurpose it for 12-inch SiPho wafer manufacturing, thereby maximizing the company's 12-inch wafer output in Japan, supported by METI, Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. The updated model is based on forward-looking operational, business, and financial assumptions, including the assumption that all fabs will operate at 85% utilization post full installation and qualification of the $920 million in SiPho and SiGe CapEx investments. We continue to ramp up SiPho and SiGe capacity and capability in our fabs 2, 3, 7, and 9, and in addition, we are working to repurpose the Arai facility and qualify the new equipment tools to be installed there.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

Assumptions regarding forward-looking wafer selling prices for existing and future products and flows, and forward-looking assumptions regarding cost and completion dates for the successful qualification of tools to be installed, process technologies to be qualified, and customer products to be qualified and ordered from the company. Under this updated financial model, we assume we target $3.6 billion in annual revenue, which is $760 million higher than the February model target, reflecting 27% revenue increase. $1.63 billion annual gross profit, resulting in 45% gross margin, as compared to 39% in the prior model. This annual gross profit is $510 million higher than the previous February 2026 model, representing 67% incremental gross profit derived from the incremental $760 million revenue, reflecting our enhanced product mix. We also target $1.38 billion of annual operating profit, resulting in 38% operating margin as compared to 32% in the prior model.

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

We target $1.2 billion in annual net profit, resulting in a 33% net margin as compared to 26% in the prior model, and 20% in the second quarter of 2026, and as compared to 23% in the third quarter of 2026. This annual net profit of $1.2 billion target is $450 million higher than the prior February 2026 model, representing 59% incremental net profit derived from the incremental $760 million revenue, reflecting our enhanced product mix. That concludes my prepared remarks. Now I'd like to turn the call back to the operator so we can take your questions. Operator?

[Operator]

Thank you. Dear participants, as a reminder, if you wish to ask a question, please press star one one on your telephone keypad and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw a question, please press star one and one again. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. This will take a few moments. Now we're going to take our first question. It comes from the line of Cody Acree from StoneX Financial. Your line is open. Please ask your question.

[Cody Acree, Analyst at StoneX Financial]

Thanks, guys, for taking my question. Hey, guys. Hey, Russell. And congrats on the progress. It is great to see. Maybe, Russell, thanks for the exponential increases that you gave in capacity additions. Maybe if you can just help me to just work out the math there. Can you just level set us with the $920 million of CapEx program now firmly on track and ahead of schedule? Can you level set your fiscal 2028 capacity support now for SiPho and SiGe from a revenue standpoint?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

I would prefer not to give an exact target on revenue, but I can give you a multiplication against the previous quarter revenue as far as raw capacity.

[Cody Acree, Analyst at StoneX Financial]

Okay.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

As stated, the previous quarter, Q3, was $240 million of SiPho revenue. We will finish Q4 with 2x the start capacity that drove that revenue in Q3. So, 2x the starts of the Q3 shipments. That revenue will become the run rate in Q2 when there is a full Q1 of that start rate, and the December, January, February all ship within Q2. Then in Q3, we will add another 1x of that, so 3x of the Q3 shipments through the expansion that we are doing in the Fab 7 Arai factory. That will be plus/minus the SiPho capabilities off of investments that we have already announced. We are evaluating and will most likely be announcing shortly additional SiPho announcements where we have been able to identify further areas for expansion, predominantly in two of our 200-millimeter sites. And we have not yet released that.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

We have not yet talked about the amount of CapEx nor the amount of capacity that would increase, but it is another significant tranche on top of it. But the capacity, if you go against the multiplications that I talked about, that would give somewhere of a $2.85 billion-$2.9 billion SiPho run rate as of Q3 in start rates. However, that is really not 100% accurate because it does not include what we are doing with integrated laser. So, that is outside of it and on top of it, and a substantial forecast in and of itself. So, if that kind of level sets the baseline of SiPho revenue for everything that has been announced and will be fully implemented on starts- as of, by plan, as of the third quarter of 2027, is somewhere a bit above a $2.8 billion run rate.

[Cody Acree, Analyst at StoneX Financial]

That's very helpful, Russell. Thank you for that. That's a great place to start for Q3. Maybe with all of that, then it sounds like your summer update for your business model, your $3.6 billion, then to a $1.2 billion in net profit that Oren just ran through, may already be too conservative. Would you agree with that?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

No comment. No, I think it's an aggressive target, but certainly we wouldn't be giving a target to the Street that we don't have very, very high confidence that we will meet.

[Cody Acree, Analyst at StoneX Financial]

Lastly, if I may, for Oren, you had a very, very high incremental margin this quarter. First time we've seen it in the 60s, let alone 62%. How sustainable do you think that level is? Is that a new baseline, or will that fluctuate as you get new tools in and start depreciating that capacity?

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

Yeah, exactly like you said. This quarter, still not all the tools started their depreciation schedule. From the fact that I said that 65% of the tools were paid, you can maybe understand that approximately 65% of those $920 million tools started depreciation and the other not, and there is the second tranche of Track-1. So, we will experience additional depreciation coming in later. This is why the long-term model, I don't think has the 65% incremental gross margin that we saw this quarter, and has like 55%, 58%, usually. So, we repeat our same forecast of 55%-58% incremental gross profit.

[Cody Acree, Analyst at StoneX Financial]

All right. Great. Thanks, guys. Congrats.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Good question.

[Operator]

Thank you. Now we are going to take our next question. And the question comes from Vijay Rakesh from Mizuho. Your line is open. Please ask your question.

[Vijay Rakesh, Analyst at Mizuho]

Yeah. Hi, Russell and Oren. Just a question on the SiPho side. Obviously, you are doing multiple versions of NPO. You have external laser, internal integrated lasers. Can you talk to how you are seeing the pricing and contracts line up as you look at some of the newer layouts of NPO going out? And a quick follow-up.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

It's a very, very interesting question and a good question. Our long-term contracts include pricing targets. There's been maybe some inputs from time to time that curtails price increases, but it does the opposite. As new players possibly come into the game, one way that they try to get into market is by deeply discounting. Those that deeply discount typically do it because they don't compete technically. What our contracts do is that they set a bar of a starting position, not that if market really would demand some lowering of prices that we wouldn't adhere to being reasonable with our customers. Our pricing is set very, very well in our long-term contracts, and pricing targets are within all of our contracts. NPO, I don't want to give an exact number for NPO. I don't think that that would be a proper thing to do.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

NPO certainly stays with our trend of any new platform, resets a pricing curve as far as getting a higher ASP. The way that over time anybody protects high margins is by being the fastest to deliver products and taking advantage of being the first in the market to help a customer grow their market by being the first with their specific end application. I would just want to say that our pricing is solid, it's good, and it's very sustainable through the way that we have gone about our long-term agreements. NPO will have a higher starting point than a pluggable, and that makes sense as it's a more advanced technology platform. Our pluggable starting point wasn't bad and isn't bad right now, as is seen by the incremental margin dropdown. If that—

[Vijay Rakesh, Analyst at Mizuho]

Got it. On the, yeah. That's very helpful. I think one of the things that were coming up at OCP was, obviously, people are starting to talk more about 3.2T, 400 Gb per lane. As you look at your NPO demand backlog, are you seeing more engagements start to line up at 3.2T? Is that a higher dollar, more complicated layout on SiPho? How would you look at that mix and the opportunity? Thanks.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

The answer to both parts of your question is yes.

[Vijay Rakesh, Analyst at Mizuho]

Is the mix higher on 3.2T or—

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Yes.

[Vijay Rakesh, Analyst at Mizuho]

Got it. Right, thank you.

[Operator]

Thank you. Now we are going to take our next question. The question comes line of Simon Coles from Barclays. Your line is open. Please ask your question.

[Simon Coles, Analyst at Barclays]

Hi. Thanks for taking the question. There is a lot of chatter about competition on SiPho, given how well you guys are executing. You started ramping 12-inch yields, I think, late last year, early this year. Could you just give us an update on sort of that progress and how that is sort of helping you maintain your leadership?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

I am not sure I 100% understand your question. I will answer what I think it is, and if you need further clarification, please ask. We indeed started shipping revenue volumes in the first quarter of 2027 at extremely high yields, really high yields. Within our 300-millimeter platforms, we have very special applications. We have an amazing DEMUX capability that I think is absolutely best in the world. We have added multiple new types of platforms. Most of the NPO tape-outs that we are doing are being done at 300 mm, and those are 16-lane, 32-lane applications right now. The pluggable that we are doing also just has incredible performance, substantially better on insertion loss than I think anyone else can be even coming close to. If that answers your question, the ramp that we are doing at 300 mm is quite substantial.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

We stated that from where we will be at in Q1 on 300 mm, which on equivalence is somewhere about 10,000 200 mm, by the end of the year, we will be increasing that by the third quarter of the year, we will be increasing that by 3x, and then incrementally increasing as well in 2028, and ultimately, a very, very big increase as the new shell is built at the end of 2028. Did that answer your question? I hope it did.

[Simon Coles, Analyst at Barclays]

Yeah, that is great. Thank you very much.

[Operator]

Thank you. Now we are going to take our next question. The next question comes line of Sahej Singh from Stifel. Your line is open. Please ask your question.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

Hi. Thanks for taking my question. Russell, your framing was very helpful, so maybe let me build on that. You said 3Q revenue, SiPho revenue was about $240 million.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Yeah.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

And that the 3Q 2027 step adds another 1x on top of that capacity through Fab 7 and Arai?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

3Q 2027 triples it.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

Sorry?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Triples it.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

Triples it. I guess by my math, that would be roughly $960 million a year. So that's $200 million more than the $760 million Track-1 adds to the 2028 model. First, if I'm understanding that correctly, is that all Track-1, or does it include remaining capacity from the $920 million program? Then second, in those same units, as Track-2 ramps towards the quadrupling of Japan's 300 mm, roughly how many multiples does Track-2 add? Is that another 1x, 2x, or would it be more than that as a 4x?

[Oren Shirazi, CFO at Tower Semiconductor]

Follow the first question, what Russell said is that today, including, I mean, today the total revenue from the shipments of Q3 reflected is $240 million. Tripling it means $720 million, not $960 million. So $720 million per quarter run rate towards, I think it was Cody's question about 2028. So Russell said Q3 2027 capacity baseline can support capacity $720 million a quarter. So times four, it's $2.8 billion, which Russell mentioned, right? Not $960 million.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

Okay, that's helpful.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

I also did state that there's additional SiPho activities that are not included in that. So I'm not saying that we are gated at the $2.8 billion. There's the integrated laser, many things that do not include into that. If we're talking specifically about the quadrupling, we're quadrupling what we're talking of the present capacity, which is somewhere about 10,000 wafers per month in our Fab 7 300-millimeter, and that will be quadrupled to 40,000 wafers per month, approximately. I mean, we don't know the exact numbers as of yet. The build hasn't been done. But what that does then is an extreme increase if it was all on SiPho, because you're putting 2.25x against each 300-millimeter wafer as you compare to 200-millimeter. So if you were going to 40,000 on 200-millimeter equivalents, you're close to 100,000 wafers.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

That's very helpful. I guess, Russell, the P times Q sort of math, you're pointing to the 2.25x die size increase on the 300-millimeter, which makes sense. Track-2 is also predominantly going to be NPO, which means the content uplift is also there, and that sort of changes the like-for-like math, I think, that most investors are trying to do. Could you maybe give some color on that as well?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

The price per wafer, again, had stated, as we go to NPO, it resets the price target, right? It resets the pricing curve. What bigger chips do is they create more silicon demand. The NPO will, the more lanes that you put into it, the more silicon you're going to need to ship the same amount of PICs.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

Okay. One last—

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

It doesn't physically change the cost of the silicon, other than the higher the integration, the newer the technology, the higher the starting price point.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

Yeah, correct. I mean, I'm on the same page. I think it's mostly about sort of sizing, quote, unquote, "higher." But one last one for me, and it's maybe on timing. I guess you said Track-2 is well underway, and I believe Fab 7 ownership.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

No, I said Track-2 will be well underway in 2028.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

By 2029—oh, 2028. Okay.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

2028, we will start with the buildings. In 2029, when we have our last contracts that we are signing now, or again, we extended our capacity contracts to 2029, which is a very, very good thing for us. Tremendous visibility and commitment. We had stated the one-year ROI for the $920 million investment that we did predominantly for 200-millimeter expansion. By having customer commitments, it really adds your confidence on short-term ROI. The ROI that we are—

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

Correct

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

—this is, it is an extremely aggressive model.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

The question just being, Track-2, I think you take ownership of Fab 7 April 1st. Could that start earlier? Meaning, I guess, simply put, could Track-2 output come in sort of second half of 2028, or is it almost all a 2029 driver?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Could is possible, but what we are really believing is the amount of time to build, we are quite confident that the 2029 will be the expansion. If it can be accelerated by a quarter, that is certainly our target. I mean, it is any investment, the quicker that you can start shipping, the quicker you please your customers, and the quicker you please your investors.

[Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel]

Thank you.

[Operator]

Thank you. Now we will go and take our next question. The question comes from the line of Mehdi Hosseini from Susquehanna International Group. Your line is open. Please ask the question.

[Analyst at Susquehanna International Group]

Hi, this is [Sebastian] filling in for Mehdi. Thank you for taking my question. I guess piggybacking on the competitive landscape question into 2027, given the ramp of one of your major competitors in terms of fab capacity, how should we think about the market share in silicon photonics and silicon germanium for 2027? I have a follow-up.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Let me ask Dr. Racanelli to speak to that, as he is directly interacting with driving the BUs and a tremendous amount of customer contact interaction. If I have anything to add, I will be happy to do so.

[Marco Racanelli, President at Tower Semiconductor]

Thank you, Russell. It is hard always to pinpoint market share, particularly in a market that is growing as quickly and rapidly as this is growing, both on the silicon photonics and the silicon germanium side. With a market that is growing at this rapid pace, there is obviously room for more than one player, and that is what we are seeing, as you described, a little bit of competition. What I can say is that we were the first to ramp in 200 mm to very high, not only capacity, but also very high yields with very good performance. As was just talked about previously, we were also the first to ramp in 300 mm with very high yields and very high quality and performance. That is giving us confidence and giving our customers the confidence to extend the LTAs, as we talked about, into 2029.

[Marco Racanelli, President at Tower Semiconductor]

We are building capacity as quickly as we can, and all of that capacity is being spoken for almost immediately as we announce it, certainly well before it is even put in place, with contracts from customers. That is a tremendous position to be in. We also continue to invest at the leading edge of technology with our customers. Having many tier one customers with us, we have incredible visibility over their needs of the future, and so are putting in place technology that will pay dividends well into the future and not just today. We anticipate not only short-term maintaining very good market share, but certainly there will be others competing with us in the market. With growth as it is, that is perfectly understandable and okay.

[Marco Racanelli, President at Tower Semiconductor]

In addition to the short term, our putting technology, 3.2T was talked about with both silicon indium phosphide, lithium niobate technologies, and CPO, as we have talked about, both on the silicon photonics side and also silicon germanium side, putting technologies in place that will enable, at least at the leading edge, for us to maintain our competitive advantage and market share for the long term.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Thank you, Marco—

[Analyst at Susquehanna International Group]

Thank you.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

If I could just add, and I think this is a very important point to add, we really are engaged in billions of dollars of long-term agreements. Customers will never sign up to being the end of 2026 now, not 2027, not just 2028, but 2029, unless they have faith that, number one, you can ship wafers on time at the highest quality, but secondly, that you will maintain a differentiated, more than competitive roadmap. What we are shipping now to lead customers, for the most part, will not be a very big portion of what we are going to be shipping in 2029. So, the confidence that the customers have off of our relationship, off of the programs that we are working on that are not just present, next, but Generation +2, and in some cases, Generation +3 type programs, that is what gives us the assurance.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

There will be competition. I mean, it is a big market, it is a good market, it is a big enough market to afford competition. But, we are quite confident in maintaining our leadership position because we are leaders working with the leaders on leadership programs. I think that that is the biggest thing that I can say. What our market share will be, I mean, presently, I think it is extremely high, and one could check that with revenue. I mean, look at just the Q3, close to a $1 billion run rate on SiPho revenue. I think you would be hard-pressed to find others that can come close to that. But, Q4 breaking $1.1 billion, it is a pretty substantial place where we sit.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

But the biggest thing is not the market share that we have now, it is the confidence in customers to sign up on long-term agreements through 2029, because those are committed, they are committed capacities. They have to know us, we have to know them. There has to be a partnership and trust in order to go into those contracts. That is what really, for us, gives us confidence of maintaining a very high market share, is that we are working truly with the best of the best on very advanced programs.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

It is a joke I have, but it is really true. I mean, for Kevin Costner in the Field of Dreams, "If you build it, they will come," this may be true. For us, we need very strong customer partners. If we have the best of the best in each market, and we are working with them together on next generation and Generation +2 technologies, when we build it will be sold, because we are dealing with the leaders.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

And so, again, enough being said possibly, but to give a specific market share number, I know what I think it is right now, to say what it will be at the end of 2027, 2028, 2029, that would really be [prognostication]. But to say that we will maintain a very high differentiated market share on high technological differentiated products, I think that that's very confident to be able to state.

[Analyst at Susquehanna International Group]

Thank you for the color. My follow-up was on another end market, the RF mobile. I think RF mobile is approaching the trough. It's in the low 50s this quarter. How should we think about the trajectory of RF mobile going into 2027, given on the last call, you mentioned the tape-out activities?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Mentioned what, I am sorry, please?

[Analyst at Susquehanna International Group]

Sorry, I mean, in terms of activities, how should we think about the trajectory of RF mobile?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

For us, the trajectory is very strong. We had a bit of a dip in moving from Fab 7 to Fab 10, needing to requal multiple customers because of repurposing the Fab 7 really to focus on optical between the SiPho and the SiGe. It is going very well. We expect Q2, well, Q1 was the highest shipments we have had. Q1, Q2 should continue to grow, where Q2 will be absolute records. So, I think it is, for us, it is going extremely well. Again, I do not have a specific feel of the exact market share percentage. We are working with leaders and growing market share with the leaders, and so I believe we are in very good shape.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

I also am quite confident that one of our programs is not just a step function in capability, it is an absolutely opening of a new market capability itself, and that has not been formally released. We are working with at least one very lead customer on that type of figure of merit, and it is really a breakthrough figure of merit. Marco, is there anything else you would like to add there?

[Marco Racanelli, President at Tower Semiconductor]

No, I think you said it. We do not have the market share that we do in SiPho and RF-SOI. There are multiple players, but we continue to lead at the very leading edge. So the market share that we have tends to be the very leading edge, the cream of the crop kind of piece of it, and that is what we are focusing on. We have limited capacity for RF-SOI. Now we have dedicated Fab 10, and we use it for those leading components and leading technologies.

[Analyst at Susquehanna International Group]

Thank you very much.

[Operator]

Thank you. Now we are going to take our final question for today. Just give us a moment. The question comes from Richard Shannon from Craig-Hallum Capital Group. Your line is open. Please ask your question.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Hey, Richard.

[Richard Shannon, Analyst at Craig-Hallum Capital Group]

Hey, Russell. Hey, Oren. Hey, Marco. How are you guys doing? Congratulations on great results again. Russell, let me follow up on a couple comments you made on the call regarding SiPho, specifically on the laser attach side, where it is not encompassed into the revenue model you have been talking about. Maybe you can talk about it in terms of a couple different directions, one of which is, how much content add do you have with laser integration or laser attach here? Over time, what percentage of your PICs would you expect to have laser attach? I think there are multiple ways you can do it. What kind of attach rate do you see over time?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

It is really multiple directions in the market. For integrated laser, it enters into a new sort of market that can be very big. There are multiple analysts that say that integrated laser will be a huge portion. There are others that really do not address it. I truly do not have a clear answer to it. Our lead customers there are very, very committed for growth with very strong forecasts. Again, those are numbers that are not yet within the model, but they can be very appreciable, especially as one could imagine, there are appreciably higher ASPs against a very good baseline to begin with. So it is a good market to get in. The die attach, though, is for more than just the indium phosphide laser. It is for an indium phosphide 400G modulator that we have already plus-minus demonstrated, and for thin-film lithium niobate modulators.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

The die attach that we are doing encompasses many different things, and it could be a very big portion of a 6.4T form factor of NPO or of a pluggable with a 400 Gb modulator.

[Richard Shannon, Analyst at Craig-Hallum Capital Group]

Okay. Appreciate that perspective. My follow-on question is on the topic of NPO. You talked about greater than 10 customers on this call here. Maybe you can characterize the customer set here across pluggable transceiver suppliers, historical ones, OEMs, and even hyperscalers. Then how would you characterize the competitive dynamics here, and ultimately, any qualitative commentary on market share that you expect in that product category over the next couple years or so would be great to hear. Thank you.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

The existing customers that we have for pluggables, all of our NPO customers are a subset of that. We are not doing NPO with anybody that we have not done pluggables with. It is an extension or a newer capability for a broader market. It is not a different customer set whatsoever. One of the reasons I believe that we have so much engagement is, as stated, it is the confidence and trust that has been built up through the engagement with pluggables. That was the first part of your question. We expect to see an appreciable amount of NPO shipped in the second half of this coming year. That is our expectation and targets. Will it happen? It really depends on market adoption. But it is the same set of customers that are just doing more, if you will, advanced programs with us, as stated earlier.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Gen+1, Gen+2, Gen+3 programs are readily available between us and our premier customers. Marco, any color you would like to add there?

[Marco Racanelli, President at Tower Semiconductor]

Yeah, no, I think, as you say, it will depend a little bit. How big NPO gets for us in the short term will depend on the market adoption. The beauty for us is that we have strong share in both the pluggable and NPO. So if it is not NPO and it is pluggable, that is still Tower wafer being built. And yeah, and I think as Russell indicated, it is most of our existing customers that are building NPO products with us. We haven't put that out in the public domain specifically with them, but we will probably look to release some PRs so that it is in the public domain in the near future.

[Richard Shannon, Analyst at Craig-Hallum Capital Group]

Okay. Sounds good. Thank you, guys.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Thank you.

[Operator]

Thank you. Dear speakers, there are no further questions for today. I would now like to hand the conference over to Russell Ellwanger for any closing remarks.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Thank you very much. Thank you for the questions. Just as a post-summary comment, we had a corporate theme that we implemented, still have a corporate theme. It was implemented in 2025, and it was bold growth, limitless impact, infinite reach. We really adhere to that and try to breathe it in everything that we are doing. If you are bold in your growth, if you believe that you can have limitless impact, if you try to have infinite reach, you truly inspire the customers that you are working with as your partners. We had a very successful conference in Shenzhen, China, customer conference. We have in a week and a half or so, our customer conference in Santa Clara, California, technology conference. It was a reunion of friends, and I cannot overstate that.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

When you adhere, and we really try to adhere to our values, we have what we call our value vectors, and it is leadership, partnership, impact, and innovation. When you adhere to those values and the definitions of them, I mean, the true underlying definition of leadership, I think, is something that John F. Kennedy had stated, and that was, "Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other." If you adhere to partnership, which means truly working with your customers to adapt yourselves to what the market demands are, and quickly, really doing it quickly, it drives unbelievable relationships as you have success together. That is what we see through our long-term agreements, is a customer acknowledgment of the success that we have had together. We get a lot of joy in it, they get joy in it, as success begets success, and it can never be overstated.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

Impact is very, very important, and impact really, it deals with giving your people the power, capability, and ownership to make change, to make things happen. A lot of our customers are amazed at the amount of young engineers that they interface with, because we focus on the development of very high-talented, high-potential people, and their growth is really dependent upon working with customers that inspire them. There are three things that really enable success, and it is capability, environment, and truly the motivation, your passion.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

If you have passion, you have capability, and you create an environment of partnership where the customer feels open and that they can tell you whatever they want, you will not get offended, they can criticize where it has to get better, but also where we can tell them what they have to do better, what a relationship that becomes, and what a truly blissful time it is, an inspiring time. We talk about impact and innovation as well, and it is very, very critical, our model has been and continues to be very, very little drop from gross margin to operating margin. Had stated it before, but at the $3.6 billion model that we put out, gross margin 45%, operating margin 38%, a 7-point drop from gross to operating margin. Why is that critical for us?

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

We want to stay lean on infrastructure because it allows us to be fast, and the faster we are, the more we delight our customers. If the questions—well, not if. The questions about NPO, the questions about market share in the future, they are very, very critical, but how do we ensure that it happens? It is fast execution, and that is within our model of innovation, because within innovation, sometimes the greatest innovation is simplification, and simplification reduces the drop of gross margin to operating margin. With that, I would like to end the call. It is very, very exciting where we are at, where we are going. I really thank our investors for their interest in the company. I very much appreciate our customers for their faith and trust, as demonstrated by the LTAs. Our employees worldwide are amazing.

[Russell Ellwanger, CEO at Tower Semiconductor]

They give and give and get rewards, I think, that are commensurate with what they are doing, but their biggest reward is the joy of going home at the end of the day believing that you have been successful, having the tools to have been successful. We look forward to connecting with you at the upcoming conferences we will be attending. Barclays 24th Annual Global Technology Conference in San Francisco, December 10th. Nomura@CES 2027 in Las Vegas, 5th and 6th of January 2027. The 29th Annual Needham Growth Conference in New York, the 12th and 13th of January. As always, please, analysts, investors, contact our investor relation department anytime you have questions or wish to follow up. We very much enjoy your inputs. We get better through them. Thank you very much.

[Operator]

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now all disconnect. Have a nice day.

Participants

Executives

• Noit Levy, Chief People, Communications, and Investor Relations Officer
• Russell Ellwanger, CEO
• Oren Shirazi, CFO
• Marco Racanelli, President

Analysts

• Cody Acree, Analyst at StoneX Financial
• Vijay Rakesh, Analyst at Mizuho
• Simon Coles, Analyst at Barclays
• Sahej Singh, Analyst at Stifel
• Analyst at Susquehanna International Group
• Richard Shannon, Analyst at Craig-Hallum Capital Group