Bank of America Q4 2021 Earnings Report

Bank of America EPS Results

• Actual EPS: $0.82
• Consensus EPS: $0.76
• Beat/Miss: Beat by +$0.06
• One Year Ago EPS: $0.59

Bank of America Revenue Results

• Actual Revenue: $22.06 billion
• Expected Revenue: $22.19 billion
• Beat/Miss: Missed by -$130.33 million
• YoY Revenue Growth: +9.80%

Bank of America Announcement Details

• Quarter: Q4 2021
• Date: 1/19/2022
• Time: Before Market Opens
• Conference Call Date: Wednesday, January 19, 2022
• Conference Call Time: 12:30PM ET

Bank of America (NYSE:BAC) (NYSE:BAC) is a diversified financial services company serving individual consumers, businesses, institutional investors and governments. Its operations include consumer banking, credit and debit cards, mortgages, small-business banking, commercial banking, investment banking, securities trading and investment management.

The company provides consumer and wealth-management services through Bank of America and Merrill, including deposit accounts, lending, brokerage, retirement planning, financial advice and private banking. Its Global Banking business offers lending, treasury management and other financial solutions to businesses, while Global Markets provides sales, trading, research and investment-banking services to institutional clients.

Bank of America traces its history to Bank of Italy, founded in San Francisco in 1904. The modern company was formed through the 1998 merger of NationsBank and BankAmerica and expanded its wealth-management and capital-markets businesses through the acquisition of Merrill Lynch in 2009.

Headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, Bank of America primarily serves customers across the United States and maintains international operations to support multinational corporations, institutional investors and other clients. Brian Moynihan serves as the company’s chairman and chief executive officer.

Bank of America Q4 2021 Earnings Call Transcript

Key Takeaways

• Q4 net income of $7 billion and record full-year earnings of $32 billion were driven by strong organic growth and a return to positive operating leverage across all businesses.
• Net interest income rose 12% since Q1 2021 and is expected to grow robustly in 2022, even after a ~$250 million headwind in Q1, with $6.5 billion of asset sensitivity per 100 bps rate move.
• Deposits increased by $270 billion in 2021 to $2 trillion, loans saw a record $50 billion of organic growth in Q4, and digital adoption drove net new checking account growth for 12 consecutive quarters.
• The bank plans to hold full-year 2022 expenses flat versus 2021 while continuing investments for growth, following two quarters of positive operating leverage and $32 billion of capital returns in 2021.
• Revised overdraft policies—eliminating NSF fees and cutting overdraft charges from $35 to $10—are forecast to reduce fee income by about 75% from 2021’s $1 billion level over the next year.

Presentation

[Operator]

Good day, everyone, and welcome to the Q4 Bank of America earnings announcement call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Later, you will have the opportunity to ask questions during the question-and-answer session. You can register to ask a question at any time by pressing star and one on your touchtone phone. Please note this call may be recorded. I will be standing by if you should need any assistance. It is now my pleasure to turn today's conference over to Lee McEntire. Please go ahead.

[Lee McEntire, Head of Investor Relations and Local Markets Organization at Bank of America]

Thank you, operator. Thank you for joining our quarterly earnings call. Good morning to everybody. I'm sure by now you've all had a chance to review the earnings that were released before seven this morning. As usual, they're available, including our earnings presentation that we will refer to during the call on the investor relations section of the bankofamerica.com website. I'm gonna first turn the call over to our CEO, Brian Moynihan, for some opening comments, and then we will hear from Alastair Borthwick, our CFO, who will cover the details of the quarter. Before I turn the call over to Brian and Alastair, let me just remind you that we may make some forward-looking statements and refer you to the non-GAAP financial measures during the call regarding various elements of our financial results.

[Lee McEntire, Head of Investor Relations and Local Markets Organization at Bank of America]

Our forward-looking statements that may be made are based on management's current expectations and the assumptions therein and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Factors that may cause our actual results to materially differ from expectations are detailed in our earnings materials and the SEC filings that are available on the website. Information about the non-GAAP financial measures, including reconciliations to those, can also be found in our earnings materials that are available on the website. With that, let me turn it over to Brian. Take it away.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Thank you, Lee, and good morning to everyone, and thank you for joining us again. I hope all of you are continuing to manage safely through the new variant. First, I'd like to start this call by recognizing that Paul, our CFO for many years, has now moved on to help us with our efforts helping our customers make a just transition to a low carbon footprint. I want to thank him for his many years of service and welcome Alastair to the call. Our new CFO has been in that role since November first, and he's off to a great start, and you're going to hear from him in a minute. Just stepping back on the cover slide, today we reported $7 billion in after-tax net income or $0.82 per diluted share.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

That's up significantly from the year ago period. This quarter was a repeat of the themes we discussed with you in the last few quarters. The pre-pandemic organic growth engine that is Bank of America is fully back in place and producing success. We had strong organic and responsible growth across all our businesses. We grew revenue and produced positive operating leverage. We continue to see very strong asset quality metrics. We support our clients and their need for capital, and we made further progress in support of local community efforts across all our markets. I want to congratulate importantly and thank our 200,000 teammates around the globe for all the great work they did in 2021 that enable us to deliver for our clients, our team, our shareholders, and our communities.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Let's go to start on slide 2 and a few comments about our full year results. This quarter capped a record year of $32 billion in earnings for 2021 and represented significant growth in net income over 2020. We even saw a more significant growth in EPS as share count dropped. We generated more than $7 billion of earnings in every quarter in 2021. Revenue grew 4% year-over-year, and activity gained momentum throughout the year. NII grew well in the H2 of the year, which complemented fee growth, especially in our markets-related businesses. Wealth management, investment banking, and sales and trading revenues were all strong in 2021.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

On NII, recall that in the Q1 of 2021, we noted at the time that our expectation is that quarterly NII could progress up by $1 billion per quarter as we entered the Q4. In fact, we have recorded Q4 NII that is $1.2 billion or 12% better than Q1 2021. Our teams managed well through the rate volatility, and we grew loans and deposits with our customers as the year progressed. That sets us up nicely for 2022, and Alastair is going to talk about that in a minute. Expense was well managed, but expense did go up as we continue to invest for growth. That's axiomatic. Our COVID-related costs remained elevated, and revenue-related costs grew.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

While we did not see full-year operating leverage, we did, however, return to strong operating leverage in each of the last two quarters of the year, restarting our streak that we had before the pandemic. Credit remained stellar through 2021. Charge-offs consistently improved each quarter. Our commitment to responsible growth remains well-placed. We are growing faster in the market and keeping credit costs in check. The economic improvement and our strong credit allowed us to release much of the reserves we built in 2020. When you look at the balance sheet, we grew deposits $270 billion in 2021. That was on top of the $360 billion of growth we had in 2020. Our loan growth accelerated throughout the year.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Q4 represented the strongest quarter of organic loan growth we have experienced at Bank of America. Now, of course, that's absent the Q1 of 2020 at the start of COVID, which had $70 billion of panicked drawdowns in a few weeks. At the end of the day, we produced strong ROA and a 17% ROTCE for you, our shareholders. We returned $32 billion in capital during the year. Let's go to slide 3. The best way to highlight the drivers behind the earnings success is to look at the momentum in client activity across the businesses. This shows organic growth engine is running hard. More and more, this client activity is powered by our digital transformation, which is foundational to everything we do.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

We are proud of our digital stats and continue to spotlight our results later in the materials as usual. See pages 24-28. Some key stats on this page. Consumers logged into our digital channels more than 2.7 billion times in the Q4 alone. Erica, our digital financial assistant, completed more than 400 million requests from our clients in the year 2021. Half our consumer sales were digital in the Q4. 86% of all the check deposit transactions are now digital. Customers used Zelle to transfer $65 billion in the most recent quarter. The number of Zelle transactions now surpasses the checks written by our consumers. Cash flow approvals by our commercial and corporate clients to move money grew 240% since the pandemic. The digital journey continues, and that supercharges our relationship manager-driven model.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Together, that has driven the growth in loans and deposits and fees. Net new checking accounts have grown in each of the past 12 quarters. This contributes to the continued growth in our core deposits. This also demonstrates the extent of our leadership position with U.S. consumers in deposits. We have $1.4 trillion in deposits from all American consumers. On credit cards, at roughly one million new accounts in the Q4 alone. That's now operating at the same level of new card production as it was pre-pandemic. We're going to continue to drive that opportunity. When you think about consumer investments, Merrill Edge, as we call it, we opened 525,000 new accounts in the year 2021. Those accounts carried it when they were new at opening $70,000 in balances for each of those accounts.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

This demonstrates the deep penetration of the mass affluent customer base of America. Sales of bank products in both Merrill and our private bank teams have remained strong. Now, when you combine Merrill, the private bank, and consumer investments, they've produced more than $170 billion in net client flows in 2021. In Global Banking, we had record years of investment banking fees combined with strong GTS results. In Global Markets, we saw record equity sales and trading revenue.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

These are just a few examples of the types of client activity that are driving market share gains for our company. As I've done in the past, I want to spend a few minutes on the broader economy, and I'll use our own customer data to make a few points. Let's go to slide 4. First, on consumer spending, I'd offer a few thoughts.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

We are a provider of choice for individuals and businesses when paying for goods and services. Our award-winning and easy use capabilities across all formats help clients budget, save, spend, and borrow carefully and confidently. We look at all forms of consumer spending, including ACH wires, bill pay, P2P, cash, and checks. Many firms and many people discuss credit and debit spending. As you look at the chart on the lower left-hand side of page 4, you can see that 80% of the money moves in other forms. What happened in 2021? Well, consumers spent record amounts in the context of comparing 2021 against the pre-pandemic period of 2019. You can see that in the upper charts on both sides of the page.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Bank of America's 67 million clients made $3.8 trillion in total payments during 2021. That was an increase of 24% over pre-pandemic levels, an all-time high. Q4 and December payments also reached record highs. Q4 payments were up 28% over 2019, and December payments were up 30% over 2019. These are the dollar volume payments, but likewise, the numbers of payments were up double digits also. It's showing more and more activity. Just focusing on debit and credit spending for the holiday period of November and December, spending was up 26% over 2019. This data confirms that consumers continue to spend into the holiday season. So far this year, that strength continues.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

For all the spending of all types through January 17, 2022, we have seen it up over 11% versus the start of 2021, which is well up over 2020 and 2019. That bodes well for the rest of the year and quarter. Focusing on the channels of payment in the lower right-hand chart, as you'd expect, cash and check volumes are down 24% for 2021 compared to 2019. This simply means more and more customers are using our digital capabilities to achieve their goals each year. Now, importantly, though, this allows us to grow our consumer business with lower cost. We believe there's lots of potential spending capacity left as average deposit balances continue to move up to the end of the year, despite the heavy spending you see.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

We had one segment, one cohort of deposits that dipped for one month out of the last part of the year. In November, we had a small dip in customers that had $2,000 or less in their balances pre-pandemic. They dipped by 1%. Other than that, every cohort from June, July, August, September, October, November, and December all grew every month. What's striking is that the balances for people who had less than $2,000 average balances before the pandemic, they're now sitting with five times the balances they had pre-pandemic. For those customers at $10,000 in their accounts before the pandemic, they're now sitting with two times in their accounts. The teams track this data carefully, and it shows the spending power left in the American consumer.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Another economic signpost worth noting through our customer activity was the acceleration of loan growth in the Q4. Earlier this year, earlier last year, we talked about the green shoots of loan growth we saw in the Q1, and we saw that turn into growth as we moved through the quarters, culminating with $50 billion in record loan growth this quarter. We note these borrowers, both consumer and commercial, have strong capacity to continue to borrow if they so desire as lines across the board in low usage status. We provide slide 5 to show you the daily outstanding loans again this quarter, which gives you a sense of progression across time. Every loan category saw improvement this quarter except for home equity.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

What I would draw your attention to on slide five is the addition of the pre-pandemic starting points to give you some reference. Well, some of the growth this quarter was in Global Markets, and that business ebbs and flows with the market activity. $35 billion of that $50 billion was in the core consumer and commercial books. So far in January, the businesses other than Global Markets continue to show growth over the end of the year. Let's start and talk about the commercial portfolio where we have moved above the pre-pandemic level with the most recent growth. Commercial loans excluding PPP grew $43 billion or 9% linked quarter. Compared to quarter three, growth this quarter is broad-based across all segments of commercial lending. We saw improvement in both new loans as well as improved utilization from existing clients.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

This reflects the intense relationship manager effort our teams have done across the last couple of years and adding more and more relationship managers. Commercial loans of wealth management clients extended their growth trend this quarter as these customers borrowed for various liquidity needs for asset purchases. In small business lending, the all-important small business segment, lending activity is running consistently above pre-pandemic levels. Especially in our Practice Solutions group that supports medical, dental, and veterinary practices, we continue to see continued momentum and finished one of the best years across all small business with our Business Advantage rewards cards. Turning to consumer loans, card loans grew $4.6 billion or 6% from quarter three levels. This occurred as spending increased and as payment rates paying off the card completely trended higher for the quarter.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Card balances still remain well below the pre-pandemic levels of $95 billion, and we continue to push that opportunity. Mortgage loan levels grew 2% linked quarter as origination remained at high levels and pay down slowed down. On the next slide six, I would say that while we deliver capital back to our shareholders, $32 billion, and we invest in our teammates, we also continue to invest in our communities through our local teams across the country focused on our markets. I call out the reference in the bottom middle of slide six to the sweeping changes we announced last week in our NSF policies. These updates continue the work we began over a decade ago to simplify our product set and allow a great experience for our clients and an efficient capability for our operations.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Eliminating NSF fees and reducing the overdraft charge per occurrence from $35 to $10 and the other changes we're making is a big win for our clients. It's gonna have an obvious impact on those fees which have fallen dramatically since 2009 and 2010, but currently run about $1 billion in 2021, and we expect them to drop by 75% over the next year or so. With that, let me turn it over to Alastair.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Thank you, Brian, and good morning, everyone. I'm gonna take us to our Q4 results on slide 7, focusing on comparisons against the prior year quarter. I'll also talk through the high level commentary on slide 8. As Brian noted, we produced $7 billion in net income, which grew 28% from Q4 2020, while earnings per share of $0.82 improved at a faster 39% pace due to our share repurchases. Looking at our top line improvement on a year-over-year basis, revenue rose 10%. The improvement was driven by a $1.2 billion increase in NII and a little more than $800 million increase in non-interest income. Each business segment produced strong non-interest income results, and as you look at significant components of revenue, it was pretty consistent through the quarters in 2021.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

One important aspect of responsible growth has been to grow consistently and sustainably. I think we executed on that in 2021 with investment banking over $2 billion each quarter, sales and trading near or above $3 billion each quarter, investment and brokerage services revenue over $4 billion each quarter. With regard to expenses, our revenue-related costs increased, and we continued to make investments in our people and our capabilities to grow the franchise. At the same time, lower COVID costs and further digital engagement have helped to offset some of those increases. In the Q4, revenue growth outpaced expense growth on a year-over-year basis, which produced operating leverage of 400 basis points and a 19% year-over-year improvement in pre-tax, pre-provision income to $7.3 billion.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

With regard to returns, our ROTCE was 15%, ROA was 88 basis points, both of which improved nicely over the year. Moving to slide 9. During the quarter, the balance sheet grew $85 billion to a little less than $3.2 trillion, and this reflected the $100 billion of growth in deposits. These deposits funded $51 billion of loans growth, and we also added $14 billion in securities, and so our cash increased by $68 billion. Partially offsetting these increases were typical year-end moves in our Global Markets balance sheet. Our liquidity portfolio grew to $1.2 trillion or a little more than a third of our balance sheet. Shareholders' equity declined $2.4 billion from Q3, driven by the $8.9 billion of capital distributions, which once again outpaced earnings in the Q4 as it did in Q3.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

With regard to our regulatory ratios, CET1 under the standardized approach was 10.6% and remains well above our 9.5% minimum requirement. The CET1 ratio declined 50 basis points from Q3, driven by excess capital reduction as well as an increase in our RWA due to the strong loans growth. We're happy to see that capital usage increasingly needed to support customers and to fuel their growth while still producing plenty of capital to return to our shareholders. Earnings alone in the most recent quarter contributed 45 basis points to our CET1 ratio before the other capital impacts of share repurchase. Given our deposit growth, our supplemental leverage ratio declined to 5.5% versus a minimum requirement of 5%, which still leaves plenty of capacity for balance sheet growth. Our TLAC ratio remained comfortably above our requirements.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Turning to slide 10, we included the schedule on average loan balances, but in the interest of time, I don't have anything to add beyond what Brian noted earlier. Moving to deposits on slide 11, we continued to see significant growth across the client base as we deepened relationships and added net new accounts across our deposit-taking businesses. Combining both consumer and wealth management customer balances, I would highlight that retail deposits grew $48 billion from Q3. Our retail deposits have now grown to nearly $1.4 trillion and we lead all competitors.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

We also saw continued strong growth with our commercial clients. Remember, the deposits we're focused on and are gathering are the operational deposits of our customers in both consumer and wholesale. Turning to slide 12 and net interest income. On a GAAP non-FTE basis, NII in Q3 was $11.4 billion.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

I know as investors you tend to focus on the FTE NII number, which was $11.5 billion. Focusing on the change on an FTE basis, net interest income increased $1.2 billion from Q4 2020 or 11% driven by deposit growth and related investing of liquidity. NII versus Q3 of 2021 was up $319 million driven by deposit growth and then higher securities levels as well as loans growth. Premium amortization declined roughly $100 million to $1.3 billion in Q4, and the positive NII impact of lower premium amortization offset lower PPP fees. Given continued deposit growth and low rates, our asset sensitivity to rising rates remains significant. It's modestly lower quarter-over-quarter as loan end rates moved higher, and we recognize some of that sensitivity in our now higher reported level of NII.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

I'd like to give you a couple thoughts on NII expectations for 2022. First, I want to start by reiterating Paul's comment last quarter that we expect to see robust NII growth in 2022 compared to 2021. That assumes we see continued loans growth and the rising rate expectations embedded in the forward curve. In the Q1 specifically, we expect 2 headwinds. First, there are 2 less interest accrual days in the quarter, and as a reminder, we pick those back up in the subsequent 2 quarters. Second, we expect less PPP fee benefits. Combined, those 2 headwinds add to about $250 million. Despite those headwinds, we would still expect Q1 to be up about $200 million from Q4 and should grow nicely each subsequent quarter in 2022.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Again, that's of course dependent upon the realization of the forward curve and some loans growth. Lastly, as we see the forward curve now expecting a new rate hiking cycle to begin, we added slide 13 as we thought it might be helpful from the historical context to see the trend of NII across the years since the last rate hike cycle. What I draw your attention to is the stark difference in the size of our balance sheet today. Because of that balance sheet differential, today's NII is already at the NII level we saw when we were well into the middle of the last rate cycle.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Importantly, our short-end asset sensitivity today is twice what it was in the Q3 of 2015 as that cycle began. Okay, let's turn to costs, and we'll use slide 14 for that discussion.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Our Q4 expenses were $14.7 billion, an increase of $291 million from Q3. Higher revenue-related costs and to a lesser degree, seasonally higher marketing costs drove the increase. As Brian noted at a mid-quarter conference, our Q4 expenses were a bit higher than we anticipated when we ended the last quarter. Revenue continued to hold up well and the company had a good year, both resulting then in higher incentive costs. Compared to the year ago period, expense growth was driven by incentive costs associated with all of our markets-related improvements. As we look forward, we continue to invest in technology and people at a high rate across our businesses, and we continue to add new financial centers in expansion and growth markets. Let me say two things about 2022 expenses.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

First, relative to Q4 expense, we expect Q1 to include two elements of seasonality. We typically experience seasonally higher payroll tax expense, and that was about $400 million in 2021. Also, Q1 is typically our best period of sales and trading revenue, which results in modestly higher associated costs. Second, with regard to full year 2022, our best expectation currently is we can hold expenses flat compared to 2021, which finished just below $60 billion. This guidance incorporates our expected continuing investments, strong revenue performance, and the inflationary costs we experienced in the H2 of 2021. It also relies upon our continued expense discipline, operational excellence improvements, and the benefits of digital transformation to deliver the operating leverage we seek. Turning to asset quality on slide 15.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

The asset quality of our customers remains very healthy, and net charge-offs this quarter fell to a historical low of $362 million or 15 basis points of average loans. They continued a steady decline through the quarters of 2021, with Q4 down $100 million from Q3 and down more than $500 million from Q4 last year. Our credit card loss rate was 1.42%, and that's less than half of the pre-pandemic rate. It improved each quarter during the year. Several other loan product categories have been in recovery positions throughout the year. Provision was a $489 million net benefit in Q4, driven primarily by asset quality and macroeconomic improvement, and was partially offset by loans growth. This included a re-reserve release of $850 million, primarily in our commercial portfolio.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

On slide 16, we highlight the credit quality metrics for both our consumer and commercial portfolios. Turning to the business segments. Let's start with Consumer Banking on slide 17. I'll start by acknowledging what a strong year the Consumer Bank has had as they generated nearly $12 billion of earnings, which is 37% of record year results for the company. Consumer opened over 900,000 net new checking accounts. In fact, this quarter represents their 12th consecutive quarter of net new consumer checking account growth. In turn, Consumer grew deposits by more than $140 billion. They opened 3.6 million credit cards and grew card accounts in 2021 by more than any of the past four years. This helped card balances grow in Q4 despite payments remaining high.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

They also opened 525,000 new consumer investment accounts, and that helped us to reach a new record for investment balances of $369 billion, growing 20% year-over-year as customers continued to recognize the value of our online offering. Yes, market valuations grew balances, and we also saw $23 billion of client flows since Q4 2020. Q4 was a strong finish to these results, and in the quarter the business produced $3.1 billion of earnings off $8.9 billion of revenue and managed costs well. Our 8% revenue growth was led by NII improvement as we continued to recognize more of the value of our deposit book. While revenue grew, expense declined by 1% year-over-year, generating over 900 basis points of operating leverage.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Lower COVID costs and increased digital adoption by clients more than offset our continued investments in people and our franchise. This expense discipline has now driven our cost of deposits to an industry-leading 111 basis points. Net charge-offs declined, and we had $380 million of reserve release in the quarter. As you can see, and as I already noted, deposits continued to grow strongly both year-over-year as well as linked-quarter. Importantly, our rate paid remained low and stable. Turning to the wealth management business, Bank of America continued to deliver wealth management at scale across a full range of client segments. The continued economic progress, strong market conditions, and the efforts of our advisors contributed to strong client flows and net new household growth.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

This allowed Wealth Management to generate more than $4 billion in earnings in 2021, up more than 40% from 2020. In Q4, this powerful combination of Merrill Lynch and our Private Bank produced records for revenue, earnings, investment balances, and asset management fees, as well as record levels of loans and deposits. In fact, with regard to loans, this is the 47th consecutive quarter of average loans growth in the business. It's consistent and it's sustained. Q4 net income was $1.2 billion, improving 47% year-over-year and driven by strong revenue growth, good expense controls, and lower credit costs. Revenue growth of 16% was led by strong improvements in both AUM and brokerage fees, as well as higher NII on the back of solid loan and deposit increases.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Expenses increased 8% in alignment with the higher revenue and resulted in 800 basis points of operating leverage. Client balances of $3.8 trillion rose $491 billion, up 15% year-over-year, driven by higher market levels as well as very strong net client flows of $149 billion. Within these flows, deposits grew $68 billion year-over-year to $390 billion, and loans grew $21 billion year-over-year to $212 billion. That loan and deposit growth is further evidence that more and more Merrill and Private Bank clients are using the bank's products broadly. Net new household generation is getting closer to pre-pandemic levels as advisors are meeting in person more with clients and are building their pipelines back following the shutdown during the pandemic.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

This quarter, Merrill Lynch net new households of 6,700 and private banking relationships net new of 500 were both up more than 30% from the year-ago period. The clients of this business continue to lead our franchise in digital adoption, utilizing digital tools to access their investments and also for other banking needs like mobile check deposits and lending. The evolution is forming a modern Merrill, which is advisor-led and powered by digital. Moving to Global Banking on slide 19. The business momentum through the back half of the year was strong. Net interest income grew on the back of accelerating loans growth. Investment banking fees reached record levels and deposits continued to grow as clients navigated the pandemic. We also saw strong demand from our clients around ESG investments, driving improvements in bottom-line results.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Net income for the full year was a record $9.8 billion or 31% of the company's overall net income. The business earned $2.7 billion in Q4, improving nearly $1 billion year-over-year, driven by higher revenue and lower provision costs, partially offset by higher expenses. Revenue improvement of 24% year-over-year reflected more than 30% growth in investment banking fees in this segment, and net interest income increased 18%. This investment banking performance allowed us to gain market share and record a number 3 ranking in overall fees in what was a very strong Q4 market. We ranked number 1 in investment grade and number 2 in leverage finance with market share improvement compared to the year-ago period. We also saw another record M&A period. Most importantly, our investment banking pipeline remains quite healthy.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Provision expense reflected a reserve release of $435 million, compared to a $266 million release in the year ago period. What I draw your attention to here is the reduction in net charge-offs year-over-year from $314 million in Q4 of 2020 to small recoveries in Q4 2021. That year ago period included some losses from clients in those industries that were heavily impacted by COVID. Finally, given the strength of revenue, we saw expenses increase by 12%, which was still only half of our increase in revenue. Switching to Global Markets on slide 20. Full year net income of $4.6 billion reflects another solid year of sales and trading revenue. This included a record year for equities, up 19% versus 2020.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Investments made in this part of the business are seeing good results as our financing clients are doing more business with our company. As we usually do, I'll talk about the segment results excluding DVA, even though net DVA was negligible in both Q4 2021 and Q4 2020. In Q4, Global Markets produced $667 million in earnings, $167 million lower than the year ago quarter. Focusing on year-over-year, revenue was modestly down, driven by sales and trading. Sales and trading contributed $2.9 billion to revenue, a decline of 4% year-over-year. FICC down 10%, while equities improved 3%. FICC results reflect a weaker credit trading environment in Q4 2020, and the strength in equities was driven by growth in client financing activities and the multiplier effect.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

The year-over-year expense move was driven by investments and revenue-related sales and trading costs, partially offset by the absence of costs associated with the realignment of a liquidating business activity to the All Other units in Q4. Finally, on slide 21, we show All Other, which reported a loss of $673 million, which declined a little more than $250 million from the year-ago period. Revenue declined as a result of higher volume of deals, particularly solar, and partnership losses on ESG investments. That's offset by the tax impact in this reporting unit. Expense increased as a result of costs now recorded here after the Q4 realignment out of Global Markets, which was partially offset by decrease in various other expenses in the segment.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

That realignment obviously had no bottom-line impact on our company overall. As a reminder for the financial statement presentation in this release, the business segments are all taxed on the standard fully taxable equivalent basis. In all other, we incorporate the impact of our ESG tax credits and any other unusual items. For the full year, the effective tax rate was 6%. Excluding the Q2 2021 positive tax adjustment triggered by the U.K. tax law change and other discrete items, the tax rate would have been 14%. Further adjusting for ESG tax credits, our tax rate would have been 25%. Looking forward, we would expect our effective tax rates in 2022 to be between 10% and 12% absent any tax law changes or unusual items. With that, I think I'll stop, and we'll open it up for Q&A.

[Operator]

If you would like to ask a question, please press star and one on your touch tone phone. Again, that is star and one. You can remove yourself from the queue by pressing the pound key. Our first question today comes from Glenn Schorr with Evercore. Your line is open.

[Glenn Schorr, Senior Managing Director and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Evercore]

Okay. Thank you. I'll try to ask this as easy as possible. In the wave of a couple of other companies in the space talking a lot about compensation and stepped up investments, I think a lot of shareholders love to see and hear your comments about all else equal flattish expenses in 2022. And so the simple enough question is, how do people take comfort to know that you're making all the right investments to continue to compete and take share and migrate digitally like you have been doing, but we're seeing so much competition across all your business lines? Just looking for some warm, fuzzy blanket words of encouragement. Thanks.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Well, I'll just start, Glenn, by reiterating what you just said. You just said we're taking market share. I'd say we've sustained our technology investments all the way through the pandemic. We've sustained our financial center renovations. We've sustained our marketing. We've sustained our investment in relationship managers. The result of that is, in many cases, record client experience. You can see, I think, in our numbers that we're doing more business with our existing clients. We're adding net new clients, and we're growing market share, and we're getting the third-party recognition as well. I think it's results is how you will judge us on the technology, but we're obviously very competitive in that regard.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Glenn, let me just throw a couple things. One, obviously it's axiomatic that revenue from markets related business, whether it's in wealth managers or or investment banking teammates, or it's in the markets business. You know, Jim DeMare and Matthew Koder and Andy and Katie have done great jobs, and that's just that's a given. They're going to go up. You see that. Those numbers are up dramatically over the last couple of years as markets have rallied. But you invest a lot of ways. We'll never have the temerity to say that we know every possible competitive thing could happen over the next decade in this company.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

If you look across history, which is what Alastair is referring to, we've invested new technology development $3 billion-$3.5 billion year after year after year. We tend to invest in things that work and then drive them and scale them. You see that if you look at pages 24, 25, 26, 27, and just start to think about what we said earlier. Zelle is more transaction count than checks written. You know, think about that change. Think about the change in the branches that basically in our expense guidance, we'll open 100 new branches this year on top of the 200 and some we've opened the last three years.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Importantly, we shifted from other places in that we brought branch count overall down as we've been doing that. That means we're opening up new markets, gaining market share, as Alastair said, and using the expense base and others. And then in our broad-based team raises we basically have gone to $21 an hour. Our attrition rates are similar to where they were in 2019, which was a ten-year low. You know, so think about we've invested heavily, we've invested broad-based, but you're seeing the activities going. And if you start to think about the the retail deposits per branch are multiples of other people. We have 4,100 branches. We have $1 trillion in consumer deposits and $400 billion in wealth management deposits.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

That operating leverage is what we do. We're an operating leverage company. We're not a cost takeout company anymore. We haven't been. We see the path forward of flat expenses next year. Frankly, there was a lot of one-time stuff that went through the last couple of years that is you know, coming to an end, and that we'll reposition that to help pay for the types of things, revenue-related growth and investments that we think are important. Just look at those stats and see what we've done. I think that that's where we get the confidence.

[Glenn Schorr, Senior Managing Director and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Evercore]

Well said. All right. I'll leave it at that. Thanks very much.

[Operator]

The next question comes from John McDonald with Truist Securities. Your line is open.

[John McDonald, MD at Truist Securities]

Morning. Alastair, I was wondering if you could unpack the outlook for robust net interest income growth in 2022. Kind of wondering what kind of loan growth assumptions are you building in for the year, and how do liquidity deployment and premium amortization assumptions also factor in to your outlook?

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Okay. Let's start with loan growth. We're pretty optimistic on loan growth. You can see on slide 5 just the consistency. That's daily. You can see the consistency of the growth. It's broad-based across all the businesses, as Brian noted, and obviously it's accelerated recently.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

The thing I find interesting about slide five is you've really got to adjust for the size of the economy today relative to where our loans were in 2019 pre-pandemic. We know there's some potential for catch up there. We can see that in our data too, John. Our revolver utilization rates are still lower than historic levels, so we feel like there's some potential there. In things like card payment rates are still elevated. There's a variety of things there that make us feel good about loans growth, certainly more bullish than we might have been in a pre-pandemic GDP type 2%-3% kind of environment. We're pretty optimistic on loans. I think you need to think about that in sort of high single digits.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Then when it comes to you can see when we put forth our asset sensitivity numbers, that $6.5 billion for a parallel shock is meant to give you an idea of how we believe we're levered to rates. I'd say about 75% of that is probably the short end, probably 25% is the long end with things like premium amortization. That's probably how I'd break it down.

[John McDonald, MD at Truist Securities]

Okay. As a follow-up, can you talk a little bit about how you're managing to your capital minimums? What kind of cushion do you want to keep to the SLR? Just remind us the target on CET1 and how do buybacks, which seems like you've accelerated in the back half of 2021. How does that factor into the the overall calculation of managing growth and capital? Thanks.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Sure, John. You know, if you go back, John, for many years in our discussions, we've had excess capital despite the many ways that the capital process increased the capital requirements for large companies like ours, including the introduction of the GSIB, SIB buffer, et cetera, et cetera, and then the stress testing and SLR, et cetera. We've always said we'd maintain you have 50 basis points to 100 basis points of cushion. We're now getting close to that.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

The reality is that we are seeing the kind of organic growth that is what you want us to see, investing in the, in the client franchise, whether it's in the markets business of having 20-25% more balance sheet deployed and seeing that pick up and having a record amount of revenues, whether it's the deposit growth that we're now at $2 trillion of deposits and $1 trillion in loans, and it has grown well. Expect us to have a different equation, which is we'll still pay out dividends around up to 30%, like we said. We used to say the other 70% would come back to you.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Now there'll be some for organic growth if in fact we get down to the 10.5% levels, and the rest will be repurchased on a quarterly basis. At an earnings rate of $7 billion, there's a lot of capital deployment even embedded in that.

[John McDonald, MD at Truist Securities]

Okay. Thanks, Brian.

[Operator]

We'll go next to Mike Mayo with Wells Fargo. Your line is open.

[Mike Mayo, Managing Director and Head of U.S. Large-Cap Bank Research at Wells Fargo]

Hi. I guess first Brian and then Alastair. You know, you talk about the benefit of higher rates, but I think for you in the industry, it's the benefit of better relationships to the extent that relationships are sticky as rates increase. If you can just give some metrics around retention. Then specifically, as for last year, you gave an NII guide of $1 billion higher. Can you give us some sense where you expect NII to be, from 4Q 2021 to 4Q 2022? Thanks.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

I think on your very last point Alastair gave you the starting point and so robust is strong enough. Because it'll depend a little bit on the path forward. We're $6.5 billion of rate sensitivity to 100 basis points increase, as we said. We'll let you figure out when those rate changes come through. Backing up to your broader point, mike at the end of the day in the consumer business, what drives our capabilities there is the preferred group of customers that are 80% plus of the balances and retention rate through Preferred Rewards, and the millions of people we have in it is 99% plus.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Those you know customers have you know tremendous relationship with us, and we invest across whether it's the Preferred Rewards, as you know, go across the whole business and not just by product. Those customers get rewards and credit card that they pay for by giving us deposits. You go to the wealth management, you can see if you look at the stats, you can see the strong growth, not only in what you'd expect in the AUM side, but the client flows in deposits and other products as we continue to you know drive you know the core deep relationship across in the private bank, but importantly, Merrill across all the different segments. Even as we enter new markets where we didn't have banking capabilities, Columbus, Ohio, for example, there was robust Merrill capabilities we're building underneath.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

You know, that relationship. If you move the commercial side, it's the same thing. You know, our deposits in commercial are strong. They are all operating deposits the lion's share of them. they they're part of what we core do, but they build off the backs of that great relationship, management practice and the GTS capabilities of which we invested $ billions in across the last things. What seals that all together is not that these are decillion group of enterprises that all go off and operate. It is the common things that they have together, which are things like the digital capabilities, which would give you the capabilities. If that backbone goes across all our customer sets, and that enables us to drive it. Also how they work together in the markets.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

You know, we will set a record. You know, in 2021, we ended up getting back to where we were in referrals from one business to the other in every market. Those are important ways that we cement the relationship. Our commercial banking investments group, as we call it, has millions of customers that through our corporate relationships have priority access. So it is about how you build the franchise in concentrating on 8 lines of business and how they work together. Our merchant sales are back. You know, way over where they were when we had the joint venture. Our 401 engagements are way up. Again, that's going through the franchise. So we feel good about the relationship side of it. Is that your point?

[Mike Mayo, Managing Director and Head of U.S. Large-Cap Bank Research at Wells Fargo]

Well, Brian, aren't you tempted to take some assuming you get $6.5 billion of benefits, aren't you tempted to take some of that and spend more? Because it seems like you're letting that fall to the bottom line. What are your considerations when you say, "Yeah, we'll let that fall to the bottom line instead of making additional investments?" Also, what do you think about expenses, say, in 2023?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Well, I think you know, we're flat next year. Mike, if you remember back leading in the pandemic, we had, I think, 20 quarters of operating leverage in a row. You know, but we were starting to make the turn from expenses going down and then flattening that we were going to have to start growing again to allow for the rate of investments and compensating our teammates well, et cetera. You know, we feel that that rate of investment is embedded in the run rate. Would we start to grow expenses at some point? You know, I think that'll be based on really some of the market-related revenue and incentives that drive it.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

We still have a lot of room to go on a day-to-day basis and cost takeout in this company from and then reinvesting that in OpEx and stuff. It is think about that check. Two years, 24% less checks going through the system. That's by driving those capabilities allows us to be more efficient. So it'll go to the bottom line. it because frankly, most of that value comes off the consumer franchise, which has been investing heavily in whether it's Merrill Edge, whether it's the card business. Whether it's the rewards, which are a huge investment in our client base, meaning that as charges go up and the revenue doesn't go up as much, that's actually investment. Whether it's the branches and the new branches, new markets, and then.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

they're Dean and the team have been experts at repositioning expense base to more efficient execution.

[Mike Mayo, Managing Director and Head of U.S. Large-Cap Bank Research at Wells Fargo]

Do we start counting again the number of quarters in a row that you achieve positive operating leverage? You're at 2. Are you trying to break that 20-quarter record or?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Well, we're at two, so we got some room to go. Yeah, we're working on it, Mike.

[Mike Mayo, Managing Director and Head of U.S. Large-Cap Bank Research at Wells Fargo]

All right.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

We'll keep plugging away. You know us. We know how to manage expenses in this company. If I wouldn't be here if we didn't think we could do it the right way and invest. You know, I think people should be confident that we count heads. We're down 4,000 people in the year from 212 to 208. All those people are gonna make more money because they've had a fabulous year. The reality is we keep managing the overall human count down, which is our biggest cost.

[Mike Mayo, Managing Director and Head of U.S. Large-Cap Bank Research at Wells Fargo]

All right. Thank you.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Thanks, Mike.

[Operator]

We'll go now to Jim Mitchell with Seaport Global. Your line is open.

[Jim Mitchell, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Seaport Global]

Hey, good morning. Maybe a question on credit. I think we're all sort of ignoring that now, but you know, you've seen your all-time low net charge-offs, particularly in the card business. I think the consensus is that we'll see a normalization process in the back half of this year and into 2023. You know, we're not seeing any change really in delinquencies. You know, are you in that camp that we're gonna see normalization? What are the drivers or is there some sort of behavior mix change among customers that maybe we can be a little bit more optimistic on charge-offs over the next 18 months?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Well, Jim, we're seeing the same thing you are. When we're looking at our 30 days past or 60 days past or 90 days past, they're staying at those same low levels you talked about. When Brian talked about customer balances being elevated, in some cases up 5 times where they were pre-pandemic, that's probably what's accounting for a lot of the consumer credit quality improvement. We're anticipating at some point it will go back towards more normal historical levels. We just think it's gonna bump around here for a little while. We don't have a particular timeline on that at this point, but I'm not sure we'd be betting on behavioral change.

[Jim Mitchell, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Seaport Global]

Okay. Thanks for that. Just as a follow-up on the wealth management business. There's nice acceleration in new households and deposit growth and net flows. Even as FA headcount kind of trickles down, how, I guess, are you improving productivity there? Do you see a time where you start to see net FA headcount grow to kind of accelerate that growth?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Yeah. Jim, if you look at the quarter by quarter progression on that in the supplement or something, you can see it's starting to flatten out. A lot of that adjustment in the recent past has been due to the work that Dean and Andy did with Aron Levine and others on the combined training program. We're training we had two training programs running and et cetera. We combined all that, and so that now has sort of stabilized. You'd expect us to see slow growth out. For the Merrill Edge customer, it's largely a digital execution, and that's where the real growth comes from. That's sort of infinitely leverageable.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

that deposit balance is there, $300+ billion 500,000 new customers growing well. For Merrill, in the private bank, it is people, and you'll see that flatten out and come up. That had largely to do with repositioning of the training program that the team has accomplished. Now we train one set of advisors. They have different career paths in our company, but it makes us more efficient going to the ability to keep managing expenses. You're seeing good household formation. You know, the marginal productivity of our advisors is through the roof, and you can see that. The reality is you wanna have the growth in flows.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

That $170 billion for the year is a pretty substantial increase over any year past. I think it's either twice or almost three times. We feel good about it. In a year when-

[Jim Mitchell, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Seaport Global]

Yeah.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Remember, you still couldn't meet face-to-face with your clients a lot, it's not the easiest year to develop business, too. The team did a great job.

[Jim Mitchell, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Seaport Global]

No, absolutely. Thanks, Brian.

[Operator]

We'll go now to Erika Najarian with UBS. Your line is open.

[Erika Najarian, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at UBS]

Yes. Hi. I just wanted to ask Alastair a follow-up question on NII. In that $6.5 billion number, what kind of deposit repricing is embedded in your sensitivity? And as you look at potential actual performance for the year as opposed to the sensitivity, how should we expect total deposits to trend in terms of growth or attrition and also repricing?

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Okay. Obviously it feels like right now we're at the beginning of a new rate hike cycle. We're looking back towards 2015 to 2019 as the most recent rate hike cycle. During that period, Erika, we had deposit beta probably between 20%-25%, somewhere in the middle of that. We'd like to think this time around it'll be something similar, hopefully a little bit better based on what we've learned and based on the value we add to our customers. In terms of deposit growth, we have deposit growth moderating back towards more normal growth over time. Just recognizing we're coming off of two years of extraordinary monetary and fiscal stimulus.

[Erika Najarian, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at UBS]

Just to confirm given the deposit growth that you're seeing you mentioned that most of your growth is concentrated in operating accounts. You don't expect declines in deposits as rates rise.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

We didn't see it last time. From 17 to 19 we continued to grow deposits better than the industry, and they grew throughout that period of time. Because of the nature of what they are, we get the economists to go through all the withdrawing and the things and because of some of the off-balance sheet financing the Fed has put together. As a strict matter, last time we did not see deposits go down as the Fed's balance sheet shrank from $8 trillion or whatever the peak was down to around $4 trillion.

[Erika Najarian, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at UBS]

Got it. Just taking a step back, this question is for Brian. You know, Brian, one of your closest peers, JPMorgan, sort of gave a medium-term ROTCE target of about 17%. As you think about B of A over the next few years, and you think about normalizing rates your comment about self-funding the investments, a much bigger balance sheet. I don't think we've seen high single digits growth in quite some time. You know, as we put all of that together, what would you tell your investors what your ROTCE medium-term target would be in a normalized rate environment?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

We've always said that our job is to keep that well in excess of our cost of capital, and we've done it. I think again because of the leverage and rate increases instantaneous impact to business like the consumer business, which doesn't need any more capital and will grow we feel good about it. We have focused people on that we'll continue to grow the earnings at returns that are we used to say 10%-12%, now I'd say 15%, and we'll continue to do that. We need to balance the raw nominal returns with growth. You know, last year we had good ROTCE, and we expect to maintain that.

[Erika Najarian, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at UBS]

Thank you.

[Operator]

The next question comes from Matt O'Connor with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

[Matt O'Connor, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Deutsche Bank]

You made some significant announcements on overdraft NSF. I think you framed the drop versus 2010, if I remember correctly. Just how much should we be modeling that goes down in the next couple of years, say versus the 2021 level? Then also remind us what else is in service charges. I think you have a bunch of commercial fees, and there's always some confusion in terms of what that is.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Let's start with NSF OD. What Brian's outlined is we think there's about $1 billion in there come down over time, probably around 75% of that this year, just to give you some idea. Obviously, we're making those changes as we update systems and processes, et cetera. That's some in February, some in May. I think Lee and his team can help you with timing, but if that gives you a ballpark try to think about that. And then just ask me the service charges. Just explain that one more time.

[Matt O'Connor, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Deutsche Bank]

Oh, yeah. I think a lot of investors look at service charges and think it's all consumer, but I think there's a lot of commercial fees in there too. Just what exactly are those? Remind us, like how those react as interest rates go up.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Yeah. Those are the GTS fees. Global Transaction Services. People can pay us cash fees, or they can pay us a balance on which we get the earnings rate, and we get earnings credit, as you all know. Generally, when rates go up, the dollar value of the earnings credit goes up, and therefore people shift a little bit to that. Look, Lee can take you through some of the dynamics, but yes, there'll be pressure on that fee line, but we'll be earning money a different way. Believe me, all in, you make a lot of money, and it's different for largest companies versus small businesses and things like that. It's a complex thing.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

It also comes back to how you the deposit betas in the commercial business that Alastair referenced earlier. Also in that fee line is monthly maintenance fees for accounts on both the commercial, small business, consumer side. There's other things in there, but the NSF is the one that we in OD we want you to focus on which we gave you about $1 billion and change, and it's down 75%. Other than that, it ought to bounce around and kind of go up or down a little bit, but I wouldn't be too overly worried about the other pieces.

[Matt O'Connor, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Deutsche Bank]

Okay, that's helpful. Just a quick clarification question. Alastair, you mentioned about high single digit loan growth in 2022. Was that on a full year kind of average basis or a period end or what? How would you frame that?

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Yeah, I'd say that's kind of a full year kind of a growth rate average. I would just say it's early in the year, but I guess what we're trying to impress upon you is we're pretty optimistic based on everything we've seen.

[Matt O'Connor, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Deutsche Bank]

Okay. Thank you.

[Operator]

We'll take our next question from Kenneth Usdin with Bernsteins Autonomous Research. Your line is open.

[Kenneth Usdin, Co-Head of the Autonomous US Business at Bernstein's Autonomous Research]

Hey, thanks. Good morning. Just wanted to follow up on that, the rate sensitivity in the NII outlook. Obviously what you give us in the $6.5 billion is the banking book. Can you help us just understand the rest of the balance sheet, the institutional part that's, I think historically more liability sensitive? What's the best way of us trying to understand like how that nets out, in terms of the the true underlying benefit from rates as we move higher overall for the balance sheet?

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Yep. We'd say our markets business generally speaking is pretty liability sensitive. The short end will have a modest impact negatively on us. It's liability. It works in our favor on the long end. Obviously when we're carrying things short, longer assets, we end up making some money there. It's probably $ a few hundred million negative at the short end over a 12-month period. It's probably a couple hundred million positive at the long end over a 12-month period. That's ballpark how to think about it.

[Kenneth Usdin, Co-Head of the Autonomous US Business at Bernstein's Autonomous Research]

It's really not a meaningful net down impact then?

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

No, not compared to our asset sensitivity. The part of the franchise is liability price insensitive deposits.

[Kenneth Usdin, Co-Head of the Autonomous US Business at Bernstein's Autonomous Research]

Yep. Yep. Okay. On that second point, about the deposits growth is just outstanding. You mentioned earlier that it's good to see the good stuff growing, but you know, you are getting tighter on your SLR and your CET1 versus your targets. As you go forward, would you consider issuing more pref to keep that buffer free? Or is it more that you just let the balance sheet grow and take the RWAs at the trade off of a lower buyback?

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

I'll talk about the SLR. I think Brian talked about CET and buyback earlier, but obviously with SLR we've got a couple of different levers there. One is pref. As you saw in Q4, we issued about $1.3 billion in pref, which obviously gets some more balance sheet flexibility where we need it and when we need it. Look, I'd just say when we have customers coming in here about to establish a relationship with us for the course of the next 50 years, or in the case of commercial clients for the next decades, we're gonna make sure that we're in a position to take their deposits and establish that relationship for the long term.

[Kenneth Usdin, Co-Head of the Autonomous US Business at Bernstein's Autonomous Research]

Yeah. That's exactly why I asked. Okay. Thank you very much.

[Operator]

We'll take our next question from Betsy Graseck with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

[Betsy Graseck, Managing Director and Global Head of Banks and Diversified Finance Research at Morgan Stanley]

Hi. Good morning.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

Good morning.

[Betsy Graseck, Managing Director and Global Head of Banks and Diversified Finance Research at Morgan Stanley]

Alastair, a question just, sorry, as we think about securities reinvestment in this rising rate environment, should we think about you know, trying to keep pace with where the yields are today and shortening the duration of the book, which reduces potentially AOCI risk? Or should we anticipate that you would be more likely to keep duration where it is and benefit from a yield pickup as rates rise?

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

I'd say, with respect to our securities reinvestment, right now we're finding that we're we've got the kind of loans growth that we wanna see generally speaking. It's obviously we've come off a period where we didn't see that loans growth. With the excess liquidity, we were in a position where we were looking primarily and first at securities. Now we're moving more towards loans. If you looked at this last quarter, we added $51 billion in loans. We added $14 billion in securities. Now we're obviously gonna be careful with respect to the OCI impact. When you look at our balance sheet, you'll see most of the securities in available-for-sale are treasuries swapped to floating. That's going to have obviously a pretty substantial offsetting effect to anything that happens with higher rates.

[Alastair Borthwick, CFO at Bank of America]

I'm not sure we're gonna necessarily change our duration profile around the securities portfolio. Remember we have a lot of that rolling off every quarter, and then we tend to just put more back in the stack over time. With any luck we'll continue to see the loan growth. That'll be our primary focus.

[Betsy Graseck, Managing Director and Global Head of Banks and Diversified Finance Research at Morgan Stanley]

Okay. No, that's great. Very helpful. Thank you. Brian, I know we talked a lot about reinvestment in the franchise and the platform. I wanted to ask that question from a slightly different angle. Obviously we're all very well aware of fintech competition and what's going on technologically speaking that enables not only competitors in the banking space but non-banking space to be more active in finance. When you think about your current platform, is it at the end state that you want, or is there more to do with regard to leveraging cloud and AI to enhance the efficiency of the organization overall? Or maybe that's not even a potential outcome of shifting the technology. Maybe there's something else I'm not thinking about.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

I don't. You know, I think cloud, it

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

AI is different. The cloud. Our internal cloud is what we do with external has largely to do with cost, flexibility, security, who, what program, what apps applications that we're running, and how do we do that. You know, security and the ability to integrate it and the ability to be never down and things like that are high on our minds. I could put that aside. The ability to continue to improve our platform is infinite, and you see it. I mean, you could have asked me this question two quarters ago, and you would have had, if you look at the pages 24-27, look at the statistics from two quarters ago.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

What drives these changes is, you have things like Erica going from 7-17 million users to 24 million users and 30 million interactions to 120 Q4 last year to Q4 this year is because of the feature functionality and capabilities of it go up. Our Life Plan, 7 million people, I think, are using them. They have 20%-25% more balances because of what they're doing. So we'll never be at end state. I mean, that's where we continue to drive investment. Digital sales capabilities, we're only starting to be able to take full advantage of it, frankly, across the platform because you had to get end-to-end, you had to get it all knocked together. then it's growing quickly now.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Small business capabilities, the whole merchant services, we finally got a new platform out of a cost of $300 million. It's now being sold. You know, those are a major investment. The question is, do we appeal? You know, we open at twice the population rate for young, for people between the ages of 18 and 24 in terms of new accounts. We seem to be gaining share in that segment, and the usage by that segment is high. We feel very good that our platforms appeal to obviously appeal to every cohort of age and experience, and that's what we're driving at. Then look at Merrill Edge, 500,000 new accounts, $70,000 average balance. Those are deep clients with real money put into work.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

You know, are we satisfied? We can take look at all the awards and the growth and feel good and feel spectacularly good about it. You know, you can be satisfied that way, but that would be dangerous. We continue to invest, and you can see the numbers of patents we get. We see the everything. We will continue to invest heavily in this platform. What it takes us to, it is still ahead of us.

[Betsy Graseck, Managing Director and Global Head of Banks and Diversified Finance Research at Morgan Stanley]

Okay. When you think about where you are leveraging the technology in the consumer and wealth versus maybe the high net worth piece of your business versus the institutional piece, do you feel like you're running apace at each of those, or is there more, significantly more to do in one of the sleeves?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

I think the investment in the commercial cash management side is just as we continue to drive global business continues to be high. I'd say as Ahmed and the team there continue to challenge themselves to how much more we could do. The investment we've invested in merchants, now we got to sell it, and Mark Monaco and the team are driving that. So there's I think there's a different. Again, this is a group of businesses that have commonalities and differences. You know, the investment in markets, technologies and stuff is critically important. But we built the data capabilities, I think, called Quartz over the years at a $1.5 billion cost that enables us to build on that platform for risk and finance and markets.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Then now we're continuing to enhance that. The, I'd say each one's a different story, but all will be better and all we're investing heavily in. We make choices about. The biggest constraint is durability. How much stuff can you get done? It's not the money. It's really a question. You got to make sure you do it right and don't screw it up. That it's going to really stick to the ribs when you start driving.

[Betsy Graseck, Managing Director and Global Head of Banks and Diversified Finance Research at Morgan Stanley]

Thanks, Brian.

[Operator]

We'll go now to Steven Chubak with Wolfe Research. Your line is open.

[Steven Chubak, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Wolfe Research]

Hey, good afternoon. Wanted to start off with just a clarifying question on some of the ESG investments. I know you provided the guidance on the tax rate of 10%-12%, which includes that benefit from those investments. Versus 2021, is there any incremental drag to other income that we should be thinking about as the pace of those investments steadily builds?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Yeah. Steven, I think we're continuing to do more with our clients in terms of the ESG side. I think when you're modeling, I'd use, say, $400 million-$500 million for Q1 to Q3, and then I'd use just a few hundred million higher for Q4.

[Steven Chubak, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Wolfe Research]

Great. Just a question on follow up on capital. I was hoping you could just provide some early insights or perspective into how you're handicapping the impact of Basel IV adoption in the U.S. and how you think you're positioned relative to peers, given lots of significant changes to the regime, some positive, but also quite a few negative.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Good. Like any other regulatory change when it comes, we'll deal with it. You know, these things have impacts or, like you said, plus and minus and life will go on. You know, it may cause us to have to adjust a little here and there, but we still have optimization ahead of us in the balance sheet that we can continue to work. When a set of rules get developed and put in front of us and become final, we'll implement them. My guess is it won't be anything. It won't be as dramatic as going from $60 billion in required capital to $175 billion in tangible common equity over the last decade, believe me.

[Steven Chubak, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Wolfe Research]

Fair enough. If I could just squeeze in one more follow-up, just a clarifying question on the NII guidance. Just to help with benchmarking versus peers that have all guided on 2022 NII based on the forward curve. I was hoping you could provide just more explicit guidance for full year 2022 NII if in fact the forward curve materializes.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Yeah. Look, one of the reasons we don't provide full year is because we don't control what the Fed does in terms of number of hikes, but nor the size of each, nor the timing. You know, those things we can control, like expenses we're quite comfortable with. I think you know, beyond any guidance we've given today, Steven, I would just follow up with Lee probably.

[Steven Chubak, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Wolfe Research]

Okay. Understood. Thanks so much for taking my questions.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Thank you.

[Operator]

We'll take our final question today from Gerard Cassidy with RBC. Your line is open.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Hey, Gerard.

[Gerard Cassidy, MD at RBC]

Hey. Hi, Brian. How are you?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Good.

[Gerard Cassidy, MD at RBC]

Brian, can you share with us your thoughts? You guys have committed to, I think it's $1.5 trillion in sustainable finance commitments out to 2030. I'm not asking so much on the the climate change and that type of risk. I think we all understand that. Can you share with us what the financial risk is? You know, when you think about your credit card receivable delinquencies, obviously if the unemployment rate was to double or triple, those delinquencies obviously would go up. We could kind of measure where we think delinquencies could go based on economic activity. What should we be looking at when it comes to sustainable finance? What are some of the risks that we should be aware of out there? Again, not the climate part. I'm thinking more the financial part.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

well at the end of the day, these are companies and projects that have to be underwritten. You know, some of them don't go well, you know. You know, some of the renewable things don't work the way people want them to. You know, you got to have Bruce Thompson and the team in credit and Geoffrey Greener and the team in risk. You know, I think our track record underwriting credit's strong. You know, there's a business plan, and our investments are to help our clients make the transition. We already invest $80 billion-$100 billion, and this is a step up from that as we move forward in 2021. This is a step up.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

It's not some, we got to go out and do things we haven't been doing. You know, we have to just do more of what we've been doing. Each individual deal is underwritten. What's the risk? The risk on the renewable side doesn't work, and the risk on the other side is the value of assets comes down because the cash flows start to get impaired by regulation, customer change and things like that. You know, as we go forward an additional consideration of the business plan of a heavily emitting industry will be will its business model sustain in the change in customer behavior, in use of things. In the near term demand for all energy is going up.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

You know, the challenge for society is how we meet the needs to have a just transition occur for everyone while changing the emission structure. You know, over time business plans of both the emitter side and the renewable side will come cleaner based on customer behavior. You know, people like ourselves reducing our demand for energy it affects our power companies and how they supply it. Our demands of our power companies do more renewables, that's going to reverberate through our 30,000 middle market clients and our millions of small businesses piece by piece by piece.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

I don't know if that's entirely where you're going, Gerard, but it's going to come down to good core underwriting given the circumstance of the individual company, its business and its plans, and what its transition plans are, and the disclosures they make to us, the underwriting process. You know, we've done a great job in commercial underwriting. You'd have to agree with that over the decades. I think we'll adjust each deal in each quarter, each deal in each company, in each portfolio as we move along.

[Gerard Cassidy, MD at RBC]

No, no. That is helpful. Thank you. You have done a good job with the underwriting. Absolutely. The follow-up question, Brian. You've expanded into some new markets. I think you mentioned on the call today maybe Columbus, Ohio, if I recall, was a relatively new market, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Are there other markets that you intend to expand into like you've done in those two markets? Or are you all set? You're satisfied with the expansion physically into new areas of the country?

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

A couple things. You know, one, to why we expand these markets. You know, we first—this is prioritization. We first looked at the largest markets that we weren't and said, "Why aren't we there?" Because we're a nationwide brand and capabilities. By the way, in a lot of these markets, we had wealth management clients. You know, we started in 2014. This has been a long effort. We did Denver starting in 2014, then Minneapolis, Indianapolis, Pittsburgh, Salt Lake, Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland, now Lexington. There's a list of other markets that we continue to go down, largely starting. Originally, the key was to close the top 30 markets, which we were in 7, if I remember right, Gerard, at the time, and we're now in all those.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

There's really think of the next several years as being going down to the top 50 markets, which starts to cover the substantial part of the population where you aren't. Also even within those markets, take Grand Rapids, Michigan. We're not to the level we want to be there. By the way, in a place like Columbus, we're now number five in the market. You know, we grew at 9%. We only have 12 financial centers. In-state will be another 8, 10 type of number. We're still building out in these markets. It's working. I mean, it works because of the way we do it. That'll all be a a move. Expect us to keep working down by population markets. Think about two dimensions.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

One is more markets, and the second is also making sure every market. What we do is we look at like markets and compare them same size capabilities. We expect every market will get to the 75th or 50th percentile of a Bank of America business, comparative. Why is that? That means, like even in Los Angeles, we're 4% or 5% wealth management share, if I remember right, versus D.C., where we have equal representation in consumer. D.C., we're 15%-20% market share in wealth management. That means we should be 15% in L.A. That's a heck of a lot of work that Danny and Katie and team have to do. We look at this that way, in terms of trying to drive our market share by market.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Sometimes it's people, sometimes it's branches, sometimes it's advertising, sometimes it's charitable work, sometimes community work, all the above. Think of us as trying to close out most of the U.S. population centers over the next several years.

[Gerard Cassidy, MD at RBC]

Very good. Thank you.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

Okay. I think that's all our questions, operator. Let me just close by saying as I said earlier, the number one point to remember is the organic growth engine that we had before the pandemic is fully back in gear and driving. We've had good expense discipline. We're now up to two quarters of operating leverage, and we're working towards driving our streak again. The client activity across the board was strong. Loan growth, deposit growth, net new households of wealth management, commercial, GTS fees, capital markets activity, investment banking activity. Those investments across the last several years continue to drive our strong growth in core market share.

[Brian Moynihan, CEO at Bank of America]

In the end of the day, last year was a record year of earnings, and we returned $32 billion of capital to our shareholders. Thank you for your support, and we look forward to talking to you next time.

Participants

Executives

• Lee McEntire, Head of Investor Relations and Local Markets Organization
• Brian Moynihan, CEO
• Alastair Borthwick, CFO

Analysts

• Glenn Schorr, Senior Managing Director and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Evercore
• John McDonald, MD at Truist Securities
• Mike Mayo, Managing Director and Head of U.S. Large-Cap Bank Research at Wells Fargo
• Jim Mitchell, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Seaport Global
• Erika Najarian, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at UBS
• Matt O'Connor, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Deutsche Bank
• Kenneth Usdin, Co-Head of the Autonomous US Business at Bernstein's Autonomous Research
• Betsy Graseck, Managing Director and Global Head of Banks and Diversified Finance Research at Morgan Stanley
• Steven Chubak, MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst at Wolfe Research
• Gerard Cassidy, MD at RBC