Niu Technologies Q4 2025 Earnings Report

Niu Technologies EPS Results

• Actual EPS: -$0.16
• Consensus EPS: -$0.13
• Beat/Miss: Missed by -$0.03
• One Year Ago EPS: N/A

Niu Technologies Revenue Results

• Actual Revenue: $96.66 million
• Expected Revenue: $89.24 million
• Beat/Miss: Beat by +$7.41 million
• YoY Revenue Growth: N/A

Niu Technologies Announcement Details

• Quarter: Q4 2025
• Date: 3/18/2026
• Time: Before Market Opens
• Conference Call Date: Monday, March 16, 2026
• Conference Call Time: 8:00AM ET

Niu Technologies (NASDAQ:NIU) is a China-based company that designs, manufactures and sells smart electric two-wheelers and related mobility products. Its portfolio includes electric scooters, mopeds, motorcycles and kick scooters marketed under the NIU brand. The company integrates connected technology into its vehicles, including mobile applications, onboard electronics and cloud-based systems designed to support functions such as vehicle monitoring, diagnostics, navigation and battery management.

Niu’s product families have included the NQi, MQi, UQi and RQi electric two-wheeler lines, as well as the KQi series of electric kick scooters. The company sells vehicles and accessories through a combination of online channels, company-operated and third-party retail locations, distributors and other sales partners. Its offerings are intended for personal transportation, commuting and urban mobility.

Founded in 2014, Niu Technologies is headquartered in China and has expanded its presence beyond the domestic Chinese market into international regions, including parts of Europe, Southeast Asia and the Americas. The company is led by founder and Chief Executive Officer Yan Li, who has overseen its development as a connected electric mobility company.

Niu Technologies Q4 2025 Earnings Call Transcript

Key Takeaways

• Positive Sentiment: Full-year scale and margin improvement: delivered 1.19 million units with RMB 4.31 billion revenue and a gross margin expansion to 19.6% (up 4.4 ppt YoY).
• Positive Sentiment: Breakthrough in electric motorcycles: the FX Windstorm family now represents >23% of annual sales (42% of Q4 sales for Windstorm) and international e-motorcycle sales rose ~227% to 9,600 units.
• Negative Sentiment: Near-term headwinds from strategic transitions: Q4 volumes fell ~24% and overseas deliveries plunged as channels were restructured, with aged kick-scooter inventory exceeding RMB 300 million, contributing to a Q4 net loss of RMB 88 million.
• Neutral Sentiment: Management is pivoting to direct-to-retailer channels and guides 2026 volume of 1.67–1.91 million units (Q1 revenue +30–50% YoY), but execution risks remain around inventory normalization and channel transition.

Presentation

[Operator]

Good day, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Niu Technologies fourth quarter 2025 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Later, we will conduct a question-and-answer session, and instructions will follow at that time. As a reminder, we are recording today's call. If you have any objections, you may disconnect at this time. Now I will turn the call over to Ms. Kristal Li, Investor Relations Manager of Niu Technologies. Ms. Li, please go ahead.

[Kristal Li, Investor Relations Manager at Niu Technologies]

Thank you, operator. Hello, everyone. Welcome to today's conference call to discuss Niu Technologies results for the fourth quarter of 2025. The earnings press release, corporate presentation and financial spreadsheet has been posted on our investor relations website. This call is being webcast from company's IR site as well, and a replay of the call will be available soon. Please note, today's discussion will contain forward-looking statements made under the safe harbor provision of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors. The company's actual results may be materially different from those expressed today. Further information regarding the risk factors is included in company's public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The company does not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as required by law.

[Kristal Li, Investor Relations Manager at Niu Technologies]

Our earnings press release and this call include discussion of certain non-GAAP financial measures. The press release contains a definition of non-GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial results. On the call with me today are our CEO, Dr. Yan Li, and CFO, Ms. Fion Zhou. Now let me turn the call over to CEO Yan.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Thank you, Kristal, and hello, everyone. Thank you for joining our fourth quarter 2025 results call. 2025 was a year of continuous strategic transformation for Niu. We navigated a complex regulatory shift in China, executed a successful breakthrough in electric motorcycle segment, and overhaul our international distribution for micro-mobility, all while significantly expand our gross margins. While our fourth quarter results reflect the temporary friction inherent in those structural changes, the robust foundation we have built positions us perfectly for accelerated high-quality and profitable growth in 2026. Now let's turn to the numbers. In the fourth quarter, we delivered 172,000 units, represent a 23.8% YoY decline.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

This comprised of 158,782 units in China, down 12% YoY, and close to 14,000 units overseas, down 68% YoY. I want to spend a minute to dive deep in both figures, as they are direct results of a proactive strategic transition we outlined early this year. First, regarding with the China market. This decline was fully anticipated results of the transition to the new national standards for the electric bicycles. As we highlighted in our previous call, production of old standard models ceased on August 31st, while the retail window closed on November 30th. This led to a significant inventory front-loading by our distributors and retailers in Q3 2025. Naturally, this pulls the sales forward, temporarily reducing our sell-in volume for Q4.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

However, we evaluate the second half of 2025 as a whole. Our China deliveries actually grow 38% YoY, confirming that our continued growth momentum for the entire year. Now turning to our overseas performance. The volume decline was deliberately driven by a strategic realignment of our micro-mobility channels. In the key markets like U.S. and Germany, we have transitioned away from a traditional distributor-led model in favor of direct-to-retailer partnerships. While this structural shift meant our former distributors paused orders to clear legacy inventories, it is a necessary evolution. It allowed us to capture higher margins and establish a closer, more agile relationship with our customers. Now zooming out to the full year 2025, the success of our broader strategy is clear. The total sales volume reached 1.19 million units, a robust 29% YoY increase.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

This was fueled by exceptional performance in China, where sales surged 46% to surpass 1.11 million units. While our international volume of 80,000 units, a 51% decline, reflects a year of deliberate channel restructuring, we successfully prioritized a long-term profitability over empty volume. The total revenue for the year reached RMB 4.31 billion, up 31% YoY. Most impressively, our full year gross margin reached 19.6%, expanding by a massive 4.4 percentage points YoY, reflecting our premium product mix and operational efficiencies. Now let me dive deeper into the specific operation dynamics of our China and international markets. Let's first look at China operations.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

We conclude the fiscal year with exceptional performance across the China market. Total domestic sales volume successfully surpassed the one million milestone, reached 1.11 million units, representing a robust 46.5% YoY increase. This was the direct result of our highly integrated domestic strategy. Our momentum was propelled by four key pillars. One, the portfolio optimization, expanding into high-growth category like electric motorcycles, while maintaining our high-end market positions in electric bicycles. Second, technological leadership, sustained investment in cutting-edge smart riding innovations. Third, brand elevations, targeted campaigns that solidified our premium positions, particularly among the Gen Z demographics. The last, the channel expansion, aggressive scaling of retail network into the lower-tier cities. Together, those initiatives allowed us to capture a significant market share and drive high volume growth in our home market.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Now, first, in 2025, we further fortified our product foundation laid in 2024. Our core NMUF matrix has become the backbone of our business, representing nearly all of total volume. The N-Series continue to be our standout performers, delivering 43% of our total sales and successfully capturing every tier of the market. Throughout 2025, our focus remained on hero SKU development and rapid innovations. This disciplined approach, where nine major products now account for more than 70% of sales, allowed us to iterate faster and deploy our technology platform more effectively, resulting in a leaner and highly responsive product structure. Perhaps the most defining structural evolution for Niu in 2025 was our breakthrough into the electric motorcycle segment. Led by a phenomenal success of FX Windstorm, the e-motorcycle now represent more than 23% of our total annual sales.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

This achievement validates our diversification strategy and proves our unique capability to accelerate the new market categories. The FX Windstorm has democratized high-end performance by integrating high torque powertrains, strong durable frames supporting a top speed of 80 kph, and flagship technologies like dual-channel ABS and millimeter wave radar into accessible RMB 4,000-5,000 range. We created a mass competitive moat. As the first high-speed e-motorcycle for the Gen Z segment, its momentum surged to a remarkable 42% of our total sales in the fourth quarter. Beyond its appeal to a young enthusiast, the Windstorm spec defined by high torque powertrain and durability served as our primary engine to break through the high-growth delivery segment. Recognizing that professional riders were underserved, we responded with a targeted multimodal ladder strategy.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

The FX Windstorm, with its robust frame and high-performance motor, the FX was our first model to successfully penetrate the delivery market, proving our consumer tech could meet the intensive commercial demands. The NX Windstorm. In Q4, we launched the NX specifically for the delivery professional who requires a higher capacity storage. Built on our newly developed high durability frames with a class-leading 40-liter compartment, the NX contributed 10.5% to our Q4 volume in its debut quarter. Lastly, the NS and FS Windstorm, the entry-level anchors. To complete our coverage, those entry-level anchors serve as our high-value entry-level performance offerings, allowing us to capture the budget-conscious professionals and daily commuters while maintaining a core Windstorm DNA. This expansion, alongside with our premium daily commute specs, has built a highly resilient and diversified revenue base for electric motorcycle segments.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Now looking ahead to 2026, we'll continue to scale this leadership by developing a tailored e-motorcycle offerings for female riders and technology enthusiasts, accelerating our growth in this segment. Now moving to our electric bicycle segment. 2025 was a pivotal transition year as the industry prepared for China's new national standard. Our strategy was twofold, maintaining our dominance in the premium tier while aggressively populating our pipeline with the next generation compliant product. Now to capture the high-end demand, we launched the NXT Ultra 2025 and FXT Ultra 2025. The NXT Ultra features the 10 major upgrades, with 77% core components redesigned to solidify its position as the premium market leaders. Meanwhile, FXT Ultra also added safety benchmarks such as millimeter wave radars and dual-channel ABS. The market response was exceptional.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

We achieved over 20,000 units sold within the first five hours, generating more than RMB 220 million in sales and ranking as a top-selling item across major e-commerce platforms. We also continue to iterate our key models. The MT, our best-selling urban commuter, now accounts for more than 20% of our total annual sales. With its compact design, a vibrant style, and the OkGo assist system, it has become particularly popular with our female demographics, proving our ability to design specific lifestyle segments. The U3 Pro, we upgraded Gen Z favorites with a fine-tuned dual-channel ABS, offering the perfect blend of a trend-driven design and high-performance safety. Now to lead the transition to our new national standard, we strategically launched two key compliance series. The first one, the U11, as our first new standard compliant bicycle. The U11 redefined the urban style.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Priced between RMB 4,199-RMB 4,699, it features a lightweight design and a smart integration like TCS and keyless entry. The K-series, launching in late 2025, is the lifestyle-first platform. Starting at RMB 3,799, it features the innovative sled-type ring arm skeleton frame for unmatched stability. With a 4.3-inch TFT display and Magic Wheel smart features, it is a personalized mobility statement that drives the trend towards intelligent commuting. Our full matrix of new standard products is progressing steadily, with a complete portfolio on track for a full rollout by Q2 2026. In fact, we'll be showcasing a selection of those upcoming products at our launch event tomorrow. Now, beyond our product expansion, 2025 was also a year of rapid advancement in our core technology stack.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Our R&D strategy focused on the two primary objectives, democratizing the intelligent technology and pioneering the next generation of assisted mobility. In 2025, we successfully migrated high-end intelligent safety features previously exclusive to our flagship models down into our mid-range and entry-level products. This includes a broader implementation of ABS braking system and the radar technology, significantly raising the safety floor for the entire industry. Furthermore, we have introduced a suite of advanced smart functions across more product tiers, including full screen navigation and our signature Magic Wheel interface, the dual direction smart throttles, and adaptive hill descent system. Those features ensure a broader demographic of new riders can enjoy a premium flagship level experience regardless of their price point. At the high end of R&D, we continue to push the boundary of what is possible in the two-wheel industry.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Looking ahead to 2026, our focus shifts towards a collaborative and experiential intelligence. We are integrating scenario-based interactions and AI agent capabilities across our entire product ecosystem to create a more intuitive interaction between the rider and the machine. In fact, we're incredibly excited to announce that we'll be unveiling the industry's first AI-enabled smart scooter at our product launch event tomorrow on March 17th. We look forward to sharing more details during this event. Our platform-based R&D strategy continued to deliver a significant operational benefit throughout 2025. By really standardizing the core components and the chassis architecture, we have not only accelerated our product development cycles, but also improved the manufacturing consistency and the cost efficiency.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Now, throughout 2025, we proactively leveraged event-driven initiatives to expand our core user communities while making a targeted effort to solidify our position among the critical Gen Z demographics. Over the past year, we host more than 50 integrated brand activities, directly engaging over 500,000 offline participants, and generate 346 million total impressions. Those initiatives were strategically synchronized with our product launches to maximize impact. Key highlights included a high-profile crossovers, such as partnering with popular titles like Game for Peace, online gaming to resonate with the younger gamers. A performance validation, setting up a lap record for electric two-wheelers at the Shanghai F1 event, showcasing our engineering power. A community milestones, our tenth anniversary playful festivals, and dedicated outdoor scenario-based campaigns ranging from hiking to competitive cycling, which embedded the new brand deeply within the outdoor enthusiast community.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

As we enter 2026, we're strategically pivoting back to the brand-driven growth. We initiated this shift with the high-profile announcement of our two global brand ambassadors, Wu Lei and Song Yuqi. NIU is the first in our industry to launch a two global ambassadors simultaneously, perfectly embody our core value of performance, trend, and use. This appointment ignite a media blitz that generated over 3.4 billion online impressions. We leveraged this momentum through a saturated offline presence, activating landmark digital displays, and dominating a high-speed rail hubs across 35 cities, reaching an estimate of 500 million travelers. Now, this integrated brand campaign serve a clear purpose, to really reinforce NIU's position as the leading premium electric mobility brand. By combining a massive digital reach with a physical presence, we're building the brand equity necessary to support our next phase of expansion.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Now, in 2025, we continue to aggressively strengthen both our retail footprint and our digital ecosystem. Our nationwide store network has now surpassed 4,500 locations. Throughout this year, we added over 800 new stores with a strategic focus on lower tier cities. This deliberate expansion is driving a deeper market coverage. Our digital channels maintained exceptional momentum in 2025. The total online sales reached approximately 500,000 units, supported by remarkable high online conversion rate of near 50%. This metric is a testament to the health of our consumer demand and seamless efficiency of online to offline model, which successfully bridged the online purchase with the physical retail fulfillment. Now, with the social e-commerce, Douyin has solidified its position as our primary social e-commerce engine.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Our ecosystem there, powered by nine official flagship accounts and close to 1,000 dealer-operated accounts, generates over 95,000 live streams and 2.51 billion annual impressions. Having a perfected social e-commerce playbook, we plan to rapidly replicate the success model on Kuaishou in 2026. We are also expanding our online coverage to Meituan with 73 of our retail stores with Meituan accounts, another mass online channel for broader reach. Now, moving to our international operation. While 2025 was a transition year for our overseas market, the underlying data reveals a significant structural improvement and a much healthier foundation for the year ahead. For the full year, overseas sales totaled 80,000 units, with close to 14,000 units delivered in the fourth quarter. First, our performance in international electric motorcycle segment was a major highlight.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

In Q4, we have delivered more than 2,000 units, a 187% YoY increase. For the full year, the sales units surged to 9,600 units, up 227% compared with 2024. This success was directly driven by our direct-to-retailer model. By bypassing the traditional distributors, we significantly expand our dealer networks from 120 to close to 300 by Q4, surpassing our initial expansion target and giving us the direct control over the brand experience and the pricing. We also used 2025 to seed our future growth. In EICMA 2025, we unveiled a strong global pipeline, including a FQiX Urban Series, a NQi 1000 High Performance Motorcycle, and XQi 500 Off-Road Series. Those models will enter global markets through our DTR channels in 2026.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Furthermore, we pioneer a new territory such as North Africa, marked by our successful commercial launch in Algeria, with our first 900 units CKD shipment in June. With this operation foundation in place, we expect a continued rapid growth in the electric motorcycle segment throughout 2026. Now, in the micromobility segment, we execute a planned transition to prioritize the long-term health over short-term volume. A full-year sales total of 70,000 units with a YoY decline, reflecting our strategic decision to restructure channels in the U.S. and Germany. We have successfully moved away from distributor-heavy models in favor of direct retail partnership. This transition allows us to capture a higher margin, exert greater control over our brands, and respond with much more agility to shifting retail trends. Now, the most critical indicator of brand health is on the retail end.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

We saw over 100,000 scooters activated in consumer this year. The fact that activation are significantly higher than our sales in volume is a definite sign of a robust consumer demand. With this new channel model, our priority is to finalize the inventory normalization and position this business for sustainable and profitable growth. Now, looking ahead, we see 2026 as a year defined by strategic acceleration across our entire diversified portfolio. Our groundwork in 2025 has set the stage for significant scaling in both our domestic and international operations. In the China market, in the electric bicycle segment, we expect the market to continue navigating a transitional phase through the Q1 of 2026 this year as the new standards are fully implemented.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

We anticipate the consumer demand to remain measured through Q1, followed by a pronounced recovery as the regulatory framework stabilizes and the supply chain adapts. To lead this recovery, we'll execute a phased rollout of our new standard product matrix, with the full compliant lineup on track for completion by Q2 2026. Conversely, our electric motorcycle segment is poised for a major breakout, supported by an increasingly favorable regulatory environment and a powerful market validation of our Windstorm platform. We are strategically positioned to capture the accelerated growth in this category. With expanded product portfolios to cover more consumer segments, we believe we have built the most resilient and comprehensive e-motorcycle lineup, capable of capturing market shares across both professional and the lifestyle segments. Now, turning to our international operations, we are transitioning from a period of restructuring to one for profitable scaling.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

In the electric motorcycle segments, we project a continued and disciplined expansion fueled by our measured direct-to-retail network. By owning those dealer relationships directly, we're seeing a significant improvement in brand consistency and service quality, which we expect to translate into higher volume growth. In the micro-mobility segment, our primary objective for 2026 remains the finalization of inventory normalization. By prioritizing healthy sell-through over our artificial sell-in volume and maintaining a lean, agile channel structure, we're establishing a sustainable baseline for the near future. Now, in summary, based on our current market visibility and momentum for our new product launches, we expect the total sales volume for the full year 2026 to reach between 1.67 million to 1.91 million units. Now with that, let me turn the call to Fion.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

Thank you, Yan, and hello, everyone. Please note that our press release contains all the figures and comparisons you need, and we have also uploaded the Excel format figures to our IR website for your easy reference. As I review our financial results, I'm referring to the fourth quarter figures unless stated otherwise, and all monetary figures are in RMB if not specified. As Yan just mentioned, our total sales volume for the fourth quarter was 173,000 units, a decrease of 24% compared to the same period of last year. Specifically, China sales volume was 159,000 units, accounting for 92% of total sales volume, and overseas volume was 14,000 units.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

For the full year 2025, total sales volume was nearly 1.2 million units, including 1.1 million units in China market and 80,000 units overseas. At the end of 2025, the number of franchise stores in China was 4,540. Total revenue in the fourth quarter was CNY 676 million, down 17% compared to the same period of last year. To break down the scooter revenues by region, the scooter revenues in China were CNY 545 million, down 16% YoY and accounted for 91% of total scooter revenues. The decrease was mainly due to the lower sales volume and revenue per scooter.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

China scooter ASP was RMB 3,431, down 3% YoY and up 5% sequentially, mainly driven by the changes in product mix. With the shift from models such as MT, NLT, and NGT to FX, U1, and NX, those new models. Overseas scooter revenues, including electric motorcycles, mopeds, and kick scooters, were RMB 36 million, representing 6% of total scooter revenues. Branded scooter ASP increased to RMB 2,600, up 32% YoY, mainly driven by the greater sales mix contribution from electric motorcycles, which commanded the higher retail prices. Accessories, spare parts, and services revenue were RMB 95 million, up 11% YoY and accounted for 14% of total revenues. This increase was primarily driven by the higher revenues from new smart services as well as from accessories spare parts sales in China market.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

For the full year 2025, the total revenue increased by 31% from RMB 3.3 billion last year to RMB 4.3 billion this year. China scooter revenue as a whole saw a nearly 42%YoY increase from RMB 2.6 billion last year to RMB 3.6 billion this year, taking 93% of total scooter revenues. Overseas scooter revenues decreased by 33% from RMB 397 million last year to RMB 267 million this year, taking 7% of total scooter revenues. The total overseas revenues, including scooters and non-scooters, contributing to nearly 7% of the total revenues. Let's take a look at ASP in 2025. The overall scooter ASP increased slightly from RMB 3,203 last year to RMB 3,269 this year.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

Among this, the China scooter ASP decreased slightly from RMB 3,377 last year to RMB 3,264 this year, primarily due to the changes in the product mix we mentioned in the previous quarters. In 2024, large-scale scooters like NXT, NT, and N-Play dominated our bestsellers, with the average retail price exceeding RMB 5,000, while the more compact model MT scooters, with a retail price range from RMB 3,700-RMB 4,600, emerged as the best seller in 2025. While in the meanwhile, the large-scale scooter like NXT, NLT still maintain a strong sales momentum in 2025. The overseas branded scooter ASP was RMB 3,330, nearly 40% increase YoY, and driven by the greater proportion of revenue cont-

[Operator]

Please stand by while our speaker reconnects. Thank you for your patience. Please stand by while our speaker reconnects. Please stand by while our speaker reconnects. Thank you for your patience. Please stand by while our speaker reconnects. Speakers, you may proceed. Thank you.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

Hello, this is Fion. We're reconnecting. We continued by the overseas blended scooter ASP. The overseas blended scooter ASP in 2025 was CNY 3,330, a nearly 40% increase YoY, and driven by a greater proportion of revenue contribution from higher-priced electric motorcycles and mopeds. The gross margin for the fourth quarter was 15.3%, up 2.9 PPT compared to the same period of last year. The increase was primarily attributed to the continued margin improvements in the domestic market. For the full year 2025, our gross margin was 19.6%, up from 15.2% in the previous year, representing a YoY increase of 4.4 PPT. This increase was primarily driven by the China market, reflecting a strategic shift in the product mix towards the higher margin scooters.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

For example, the MT, NXT, FXT, and et cetera, along with our continued cost reduction in the domestic market. This was partially offset by a lower growth margin of kick scooters in international markets. The fourth quarter OpEx was CNY 206 million, CNY 13 million higher than the same period of last year, and the OpEx ratio was 30.5%, compared to 23.6% in the fourth quarter of 2024. Selling and marketing expenses were CNY 144 million, CNY 8 million higher than the same period of last year, primarily due to the higher rental expenses in the international markets, along with the increased staff cost and higher depreciation and amortization expenses. This was partially offset by a decrease in advertising and promotion expenses in China market.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

Selling and marketing expenses accounted for 21.3% of revenue, compared to 16.6% in the same period of last year, and 12.7% last quarter. Research and development expenses were nearly RMB 50 million, RMB 11 million higher than the same period of last year, mainly due to the higher staff costs, share-based compensation, and increased design and testing expenses. Research and development expenses accounted for 7.3% of revenue, compared to 4.7% in the same period of last year, and 2.6% last quarter. General and administrative expenses were nearly RMB 13 million, around RMB 6 million lower than the same period of last year, mainly due to a decrease in taxes and surcharges, which were partially offset by an increase in foreign exchange losses.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

G&A expenses accounted for 1.8% of revenue and compared to 2.2% in the same period of last year and 2.3% last quarter. For the full year 2025, the OpEx were RMB 933 million, 24% higher than last year, and OpEx ratio were nearly 21.7% compared to 22.8% last year. Selling and marketing expenses were RMB 676 million, RMB 186 million or 38% higher than last year and about 15.7% of revenue, compared to 14.9% in 2024.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

R&D expenses were RMB 166 million, 36 million or 28% higher than last year and about 3.9% of revenue, compared to 4% in 2024. G&A expenses were 91 million, 40 million or 30% lower than last year, and about 2.1% of revenue, compared to 4% in 2024. Non-GAAP operating expenses were RMB 906 million, accounted for 21% of revenues compared to 22.1% last year. In the fourth quarter, we had a net loss of RMB 88 million and a non-GAAP net loss of RMB 82 million. On a full year basis, we had a net loss of RMB 39 million and a non-GAAP net loss of RMB 12 million. Turning to our balance sheet and cash flow.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

We ended the year with RMB 1.3 billion in cash, restricted cash, term deposit and short-term investments. On an annual basis, the operating inflow was around RMB 350 million, primarily reflecting the net income after adjusting for non-cash items. Our fourth quarter CapEx was RMB 48 million, and for the full year 2025, the CapEx was RMB 178 million. RMB 58 million higher than last year because of the module cost and store expansion in the domestic market. Now let's turn to guidance. We expect the first quarter revenue to be in the range of RMB 887 million-RMB 1,023 million, an increase of 30%-50% YoY.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

The sales volume for 2026 was expected in the range of 1.67 million-1.91 million units, as Yan just mentioned. Please be aware that the sales outlook is based on the information available as of today and reflects the company's current and preliminary expectation, which is subject to change due to the uncertainty related to various factors. With that, we'll now open the call for any questions that you may have for us. Operator, please go ahead.

[Operator]

Thank you. To ask a question you will need to press star one and one on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star one and one again. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A queue. Once again, that's star one and one on your telephone if you'd like to register a question. Please wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star one and one again. We'll now go to our first question. Our first question comes from the line of Yating Chen from CICC. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

[Yating Chen, Equity Research Analyst at CICC]

Hi, Yan and Fion. This is Yating from CICC, and I have two quick questions. First, could you share the current inventory situation for your kick scooters in overseas markets? And how you are thinking about the kick scooter business in 2026? Second, with the implementation of the new national standard for e-scooters in China, how should we think about the potential cost increase and the company's response? Thank you. That's all my questions.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

Okay. This is Fion. I'll take the first question. Regarding the inventory, actually, we already released the balance sheet figures in our earnings release, and the amount is around CNY 650 million for the whole inventory, net inventory level. I should say that more than 50% of our overall inventory are the aged kick scooters, which means more than CNY 300 million inventory are coming from the aged kick scooters. That's why, you know, Yan just mentioned in the call is that in 2026, our top priority on the kick scooters is to improve the turnover of the aged inventory, especially the kick scooters, to change the business model into a more lean and straightforward and with our channel partners.

[Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies]

On top of that, I think, you know, for the whole year, 2026, for the kick scooters, we are going to focus on the inventory itself instead of the new models imports. Now we are expected to spend the whole year, 2026, to improve the inventory clearance and also, you know, to change the channel into a more healthier business model to support our going forward kick scooter business.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

Hi, Yating. This is Yan. To address your second question on the cost increase. We have done a few things. First, I think, you know, with the new standard, because there are material changes, yes, there will be cost increase. We also have increased our retail price, not exactly proportionally, but have increased our price to cover part of the cost increase. Second, we are also, you know, through our cost reduction initiatives, really through engineering, to figure out what are really the cost down initiatives to be implemented on each of the scooters, basically, you know, through a platform standardization and also commoditize some of the common parts. That will help us to actually reduce the BOM cost.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

By doing so, I think we're in good hands to sort of handle the cost increase with the new standard.

[Yating Chen, Equity Research Analyst at CICC]

It's very clear. Thank you for your answers.

[Operator]

Thank you. There are no further questions at this time, so I'll hand the call back to Dr. Yan Li for closing remarks.

[Yan Li, CEO at Niu Technologies]

All right. Thank you, operator. Thank you all for participating on today's call and for your support. We appreciate your interest and look forward to reporting to you again next quarter on our progress. Thank you.

[Operator]

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect. Speakers, please stand by.

Participants

Executives

• Kristal Li, Investor Relations Manager
• Yan Li, CEO

Analysts

• Fion Zhou, CFO at Niu Technologies
• Yating Chen, Equity Research Analyst at CICC